Reyes, Iliana (2004). Functions of Code Switching in Schoolchildren's Conversations. Bilingual Research Journal, v28 n1 p77-98 Spr. This study examined the code-switching patterns in the speech of immigrant Spanish-speaking children. Seven- and 10-year-old boys and girls from bilingual classrooms were each paired with a mutually selected friend, and their speech was collected in two contexts: while the children waited for an expected science experiment and when they worked together to follow an instruction worksheet about hands-on magnetic materials. This study presents data on the discourse characteristics of children's code switching, and the functions that Spanish and English have according to context. In addition, the data are described in relation to children's language competence and preference. The study found that code switching occurred both within and across turns. The older children's switches were more frequent and were deployed for a wider variety of functions than the younger children's. The results challenge the negative view that code switching by children who are learning two languages is due to… [Direct]

Nunez, Mario A. (1994). Corima: A Bilingual Experiment in the Tarahumara Region in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. How Does It Measure against Transitional Bilingual Programs in the United States?. This report explores two bilingual educational approaches currently in use in Mexico and the United States. The study pursues a limited comparison between two modalities of bilingual instruction, as observed and reported in the consulted literature. The U.S. model featured is known as the two-way bilingual model, an additive approach to instruction. The Mexican Spanish/Tarahumara/Tepehuano bilingual educational model is discussed within the scope of this project. Both countries face the challenge in their educational systems of providing bilingual content area instruction to monolingual populations. Contains 38 references. (EH)… [PDF]

Yawkey, Thomas D. (1992). Academic Excellence Project P.I.A.G.E.T., Cycle I. 1987-1990 Three Year Report of Title VII. Project PIAGET (Promoting Intellectual Adaptation Given Experiential Transforming) is a federally-funded bilingual early childhood and parent program serving limited-English-speaking bilingual children aged 2-8 years and their parents. The project is designed to promote English language and conceptual growth among young children and influence parents' attitudes toward their children's learning and development. The classroom curriculum is organized by subject area and theme, introducing specific concepts at different age levels. Twenty-two teaching strategies are specified for classroom use. Daily activity plans and daily observation cards are used to plan classroom activities and monitor performance. Additional testing helps track overall student progress, and performance of teachers and aides is evaluated through systematic observation. The home component is designed to train parents to be their children's teachers at home through partnership with the school, increase home… [PDF]

Laosa, Luis M. (1974). Child Care and the Culturally Different Child. Child Care Quarterly, 3, 4, 214-24, W 74. …

(1986). Theodore Roosevelt High School Project TEACH, 1985-1986. OEA Evaluation Report. Project TEACH (Technological Enrichment and Achievement for Cambodians and Hispanics) aims to facilitate the students' linguistic and cultural adjustment to American society while preparing them to enter the job market. Carried out at Theodore Roosevelt High School (Bronx, New York) Project TEACH provides students new to America with computer and business training in a bilingual setting. Courses offered include English as a second language, Spanish, bilingual content areas, computer technology, and business. This report evaluates the project as of June 1986, after its second year. Included are a description of the project, student profiles, and conclusions and recommendations. Analysis of the program indicates the following: (1) program students surpassed the proposed English language objective; (2) gains for proposed Hispanic native language objectives were statistically significant; (3) students enrolled in mathematics and computer courses surpassed the program objective of a 70…

Garate, Dama; And Others (1986). Involving LEP Parents. Four community liaisons for public school programs for limited- English-proficient (LEP) populations discuss briefly aspects of parent involvement. Dama Garate describes the populations served by the Trinity-Arlington Project in the Arlington (Virginia) Public Schools and suggests issues to be considered in parent involvement efforts. Pirun Sen of the Portland (Maine) Public Schools focuses on the kinds of parent involvement and parent contact that have been used there and the problems that have arisen. Hiep Tran Thien and N. D. Duong of the Seattle (Washington) Public Schools look at cross-cultural issues in parent involvement and suggest techniques and strategies to get parents involved. Vilay Chaleunrath outlines major barriers to parent participation and recommends activities for drawing parents into a partnership with the schools. The summary of a response by two specialists is also included. (MSE)…

Doty, Jeanice J. (1986). Increasing Parent Involvement in a First Grade Chapter I Public School Classroom Program. This practicum was designed to increase parental awareness of the importance of participation in a student's "daily" educational program. The specific goal of the practicum was to increase parent involvement in a first-grade Chapter 1 public school classroom program serving predominantly Hispanic American migrant children. It was expected that, as a result of the implementation effort, (1) 85 percent of involved parents would sign students' completed homework and have it returned to the teacher; (2) 85 percent of parents would participate in a parent-teacher conference; (3) 85 percent of parents would sign and return a questionnaire demonstrating evidence of parent participation; and (4) 144 homework assignments would be completed and turned in to the classroom teacher. To address these goals, a highly motivational, structured program was implemented. All projected objectives were achieved. The Parent Questionnaire and a teacher/parent conference summary form are appended….

(1987). Bilingual Vocational Training Program for Chinese Chefs. Curriculum Package. This manual was prepared by the staff of the China Institute's Bilingual Vocational Training Program, which has been in operation since 1975. The document includes a description of the training program for Chinese chefs and the curriculum guide used in the program. Following the introductory section, which describes the program objectives, strategies, logistics, and evaluation, the guide provides a course and content outline for the 20-week course. The course description is followed by 10 appendixes (comprising the bulk of the document) that provide the following: English screening test, vocational course objectives, vocational English as a second language course objectives, recruitment, field practice orientation plan, counseling procedures, job development materials, follow-up form and materials, students' program evaluation form, and a bibliography of texts and resources. Examples of curriculum materials are included. (KC)… [PDF]

Bergen, John J. (1987). Current Issues in Canadian Education. Based on interviews with 150 persons in departments of education and in national, provincial, and territorial education organizations in Canada's major capital cities, this paper discusses seven vital issues in Canadian education and briefly states seven others. The seven major issues needing resolution concern: (1) the appropriate balance between central and local control of education; (2) the amendment of provincial school legislation according to the principles outlined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; (3) the appropriateness of official language policies for any or all of the provinces; (4) native people's control of their children's education; (5) the amount of provincial resources directed to developing and maintaining multicultural programs in schools; (6) the manner of provincial funding for education; and (7) the justification of private educational alternatives. Other issues include curriculum relevancy and enrichment, school responsibiltiy for controversial…

Raposo, Lucilia (1981). Ciencias 2 (Science 2). [Student's Workbook]. Ciencias 2 is the second in a series of elementary science textbooks written for Portuguese-speaking students. The text develops the basic skills that students need to study their surroundings and observe natural facts and phenomena by following scientific methods. The book is composed of 10 chapters and includes 57 lessons. Topics included are environment, the human, air, nutrition, heat, astronomy, soil, magnetism, and measurement. (RH)… [PDF]

(1979). Evaluation of the Bilingual (English-Ukrainian) Program 1978-79. Edmonton Public Schools. A partial immersion bilingual (English-Ukrainian) program was introduced at the Grade 1 level in September 1974 by the Edmonton Public School Board. By September 1979, the program included Grades 1 to 5. A yearly evaluation of the program has been conducted to determine: (1) the students' achievement in mathematics, English, and Ukrainian, (2) the attitudes of parents and program personnel toward the program, and (3) reasons students leave the program. This report is of the evaluation of Grades 2-5. Among the findings of the study are the following: (1) the bilingual program students achieved as well as, or better than, students in the regular program in mathematics and reading; (2) the students are acquiring a degree of proficiency in the Ukrainian language; (3) parents, teachers, and principals agreed that the students are developing an appreciation of the Ukrainian culture; (4) the majority of parents were satisfied with their child's English and Ukrainian academic progress; (5)…

Hepburn, Larry; Shin, Masako (1981). Multi-Cultural Competency-Based Vocational Curricula. Automotive Mechanics. Multi-Cultural Competency-Based Vocational/Technical Curricula Series. This document, one of eight in a multi-cultural competency-based vocational/technical curricula series, is on automotive mechanics. This program is designed to run 36 weeks and cover 10 instructional areas: the engine; drive trains–rear ends/drive shafts/manual transmission; carburetor; emission; ignition/tune-up; charging and starting; alignment; automatic transmission; brakes; and air conditioning and heating. A duty-task index lists competencies in each instructional area that the student should be able to perform at the end of the program. For example, in the standard and power steering section, a student should be able to (1) check manual steering gear fluid level, and (2) replace belts and adjust tension. In section 1, each instructional task area contains a list of performance objectives, evaluation criterion, performance guide, and a list of tasks to be covered. In section 2, the introduction and duty-task index is repeated in English, Spanish, and Laotian. Section 3 lists…

Andersen, Carol (1974). An index to the Education Amendments of 1974. A Report to the States. ECS Report No. 60. This is a comprehensive index and summary of the 1974 amendments to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. An introductory section provides an overview of the new legislation and discusses the expected development of new federal regulations to ensure compliance with provisions of the amended Act. The bulk of the report consists of an extensive index that is organized topically. Within each broad topic, subsections are devoted to specific provisions of the Education Amendments of 1974. Each subsection lists applicable sections and page numbers of the law and briefly summarizes relevant provisions. The appendix reproduces a sequential listing of the titles, sections, and subsections of the Amendments and provides the page numbers that were not included in the original government version. (JG)… [PDF]

Dube, Normand (1972). Mon pays: Madawaska (My Land: Madawaska). This elementary French textbook was designed for use in a Madawaska, Maine, bilingual program. It contains several reading selections, a dialogue, a poem, arithmetic and social studies lessons, and the music and words for two short songs. Every lesson is illustrated, and several exercises that provide space for the students' written responses are included. (PMP)… [PDF]

(1969). The Language Development Project; A Pilot Study in Language Learning. A New York State Urban Aid Project. Mid-Year Report, February 1969. The Language Development Project is designed to provide assistance to disadvantaged primary-grade children who are learning English as a second language or who use non-standard speech patterns. Materials and special teaching techniques used in the project were originally developed at the Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (SEDL) for use with English as a second language learners in San Antonio, Texas. SEDL materials in the areas of \Self-Concept\ and \Science\ were purchased from the Laboratory, and the children use these special language development materials on a daily basis. In addition, they receive assistance in language development during their other instructional time. This document contains a list of schools and staff involved in the project, a schedule of workshops and visitations, an outline of the duties of the demonstration teachers, and a comprehensive evaluation of The Language Development Program's first year (1967-68). See related documents AL 002 353 and… [PDF]

Franklin, Paula A. (1995). Melting Pot or Not? Debating Cultural Identity. Multicultural Issues. The United States has been called a "melting pot," a container in which separate materials are heated and blended. When people call the United States a melting pot, they are using a metaphor for the blending of cultures that some feel has occurred in this country. Others doubt that America has been a melting pot, and many doubt that it should be. These issues are debated for young people in terms of what it means to be American. The idea popularized by Israel Zangwill's play "The Melting Pot" is that the United States would absorb and transform all immigrants. In fact, immigrants have not found the melting process smooth. The experiences of African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and other ethnic groups are described. The debate about the importance of multiculturalism will not be soon resolved, but Americans on both sides might consider the compromise involved in a Pledge of Allegiance that refers to "one nation, united in our…

Balabkins, Xenia P.; And Others (1997). Issues of Education at Community Colleges: Essays by Fellows in the Mid-Career Fellowship Program at Princeton University, June 1997. This collection contains essays on contemporary issues facing community colleges written by fellows in Princeton University's Mid-Career Fellowship Program. The essays are as follows: \Is Middlesex County College Accomplishing Its Mission?\ (Xenia P. Balabkins); \The Coming of Age of Women's Studies: Attention Must be Paid\ (Lynne M. DeCicco); \The Psychology of Women and Gender\ (Miriam M. Dumville); \An English Professor Considers Mathematics\ (Noreen L. Duncan); \On Assessing Philosophical Literacy\ (Saul Kelton); \Literary Magazines at Community Colleges: Their Forms and Impact\ (Bonnie M. MacDougall); \Clarifying Institutional Policy Toward International Students: A Community College Self-Study Model\ (Sara B. Pfaffenroth); \Multiculturalism: A Design for Introductory Literature on the Community College Level\ (Madeline Santoro); \New Technologies in Mathematics\ (Jorge Sarmiento); \Proposal for an Early Retirement Incentive Program at Mercer County Community College\ (Arthur… [PDF]

(1997). Fresno City College, Exploring America's Communities. Progress Report. In 1996, Fresno City College (California) participated in the American Association of Community Colleges' Exploring America's Communities project, which works to strengthen the teaching and learning of American history, literature, and culture at U.S. community colleges. The college's action plan has four major objectives: establishing an American Studies discipline, forming a faculty committee on "pluralism and identity," changing the curriculum, and ensuring dissemination of the activities focusing on diversity and identity on campus and in the community. A new course on American pluralism was developed and a colloquium on pluralism and its meaning was held. A symposium on the search for common values in the midst of diversity, featuring an essay contest, a panel discussion, and a celebration of multiculturalism, was also conducted. The college's Honors' colloquia included several conversations on the meaning of diversity, ethnic identity, and commonalties of American… [PDF]

(1997). From Fragments to the Whole: Integrating Diversity and Unity in the Academic Foundations Program at Hudson County Community College. In 1996, New Jersey's Hudson County Community College (HCCC) participated in the American Association of Community Colleges' Exploring America's Communities project, works to strengthen the teaching and learning of American history, literature, and culture at U.S. community colleges. The primary goal of HCCC's project was to provide reading materials and writing assignments that will help students in developmental courses develop college-level skills while reinforcing their knowledge of American culture. Specific objectives included developing a course anthology of readings on eight topics, an oral history project, and faculty development workshops. Much progress has been made in the collection of materials for the developmental English course anthology. Both full-length texts and shorter articles and chapters suitable for developmental students have been selected and some have been field-tested in the classroom. The Oral History component of the project was integrated into a Basic… [PDF]

(1997). Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College, Exploring America's Communities. Progress Report. In 1996, the Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College participated in the American Association of Community Colleges' Exploring America's Communities project, which worked to strengthen the instruction of American history, literature, and culture at U.S. community colleges. The primary objective of the college's action plan was to establish a team-taught, interdisciplinary course using films, historical readings, and literary works to examine the American experience. The course would attempt to explore America's process as a polyglot attempting to assimilate its diverse population, but which often divided itself along lines of race, prejudice, bigotry, religion, and sex. To involve colleagues, at least one workshop on multiculturalism was planned. The following three accomplishments were made: four workshops on multiculturalism were held, reaching approximately 250 members of the college community; an additional section was added to the new course due to high demand; and the team… [PDF]

(1997). Motlow State Community College, Exploring America's Communities: Honors American Studies. Progress Report. In 1996, Tennessee's Motlow State Community College (MSCC) participated in the American Association of Community Colleges' Exploring America's Communities project, which works to strengthen the instruction of American history, literature, and culture at U.S. community colleges. MSCC's goal is to introduce an understanding of cultural diversity which goes beyond tolerance to achieve acceptance. MSCC uses an integrated program of study which investigates, through both oral and written literature and historical records, the diversity present in its cultural community. MSCC's long-range goal is to produce an integrated Honors program which addresses, in an interdisciplinary fashion, the richness of local and national cultural heritage and the skills necessary to adapt to and profit from change. The prototype team-taught honors course was taught for the first time, operating from a syllabus which looks at change and value shifts in the past in order to develop sensitivity toward and… [PDF]

(1997). Northampton Community College, Exploring America's Communities. Progress Report. In 1996, Northampton Community College (Pennsylvania) participated in the Exploring America's Communities project sponsored by the American Association of Community Colleges. The project works to strengthen the teaching and learning of American history, literature, and culture at U.S. community colleges. One of the major goals of the project is the revision of two literature classes: one course was expanded to include more works by Native American, African-American, Hispanic-American, and Asian-American writers; and the other, an African-American literature class, was altered to broaden understanding about what it means to be an American. Revisions in the general literature class were made through the inclusion of new textbooks, new instructional approaches, and new course themes. Throughout the semester, the instructor was able to integrate conversations around the issues of pluralism, American identity, commonalties, and differences by encouraging small group discussions held… [PDF]

(1997). Rockland Community College, Exploring America's Communities. Progress Report. In 1996, Rockland Community College (New York) participated in the American Association of Community Colleges' Exploring America's Communities project, which works to strengthen the teaching and learning of American history, literature, and culture at U.S. community colleges. The Task Force on College Pluralism and Identity, appointed in 1990, has made a number of significant recommendations which were adopted as College policy. Primary goals of the action plan included engaging in a series of activities to review and revise the courses in American history and literature and to develop a new inter-disciplinary, team-taught course in Latino/a culture. Accomplishments of the program included: revised Learning Activity proposals; a proposal for an interdisciplinary team-taught course on Latino studies; a colloquium on a novel by a Latina feminist; and hosting a live, national call-in video teleconference. None of the activities have yet reached the classroom, although the concept of… [PDF]

(1997). Tyler Junior College, Exploring America's Communities. In 1996, Texas's Tyler Junior College (TJC) participated in the American Association of Community Colleges' Exploring America's Communities project, which works to strengthen the teaching and learning of American history, literature, and culture at U.S. community colleges. TJC's action plan goals were to solicit administrative endorsement and support of the project, to infuse the existing curriculum with at least one pluralism concept among specified courses, to provide opportunities for faculty dialogue pertaining to cultural diversity, to establish multicultural awareness throughout the campus and community, and to initiate student pluralism projects. The program's accomplishments included making presentations to the college president, the Instructional Counsel, and the Faculty Senate about the program; implementing a new interdisciplinary course examinig the cultural development of America; hosting a luncheon for faculty to explore identity issues; developing a bibliography on… [PDF]

Glover, Denise Marie (1995). Voices of the Spirit: Sources for Interpreting the African-American Experience. The face of America is changing rapidly, and this guide helps meet the increasing need for information about our multiethnic populace. Classic and contemporary resources in African American history, from 1883 to the present, are annotated and discussed. When available, reprint information is provided for classic resources. A variety of resources are highlighted, including collections of primary documents, historical photographic books, traveling exhibits, and videotapes. The objective is to inspire the researcher to move beyond the prevailing stereotypes of African Americans found in standard print and electronic media. Six chapters are arranged by genre and historical period as follows: reference books; collective biography and genealogy; historiographical works; general historical surveys; and historical works by chronological period, from slavery to reconstruction. The annotations are designed to provide enough detailed information to help in curriculum material inclusion…

Kupperman, Jeff; Wallace, Raven (1998). Evaluating an Intercultural Internet Writing Project through a Framework of Activities and Goals. A framework for student Internet writing projects is proposed that consists of learning outcome goals and component activities. The framework is intended to be useful when designing and developing Internet writing projects and when evaluating student outcomes. Six learning goals are outlined: (1) engagement; (2) consideration of purpose and audience; (3) evaluation and synthesis of information; (4) developing personal standards for writing; (5) cultural awareness; and (6) participation in a literate community. Seven component activities are also outlined: (1) publishing; (2) friendship exchanges; (3) data sharing; (4) collaborative artifact creation; (5) peer critiquing; (6) mentoring; and (7) question asking. The paper shows how the framework could be applied to a pilot project in which students sent questions to African respondents via e-mail, used the replies in revisions of invented \folktales,\ and published the final stories on the Web. Through this example, the paper shows… [PDF]

Harriman, Cliff; And Others (1993). Food for Thought. This document describes "Food for Thought," a multidisciplinary project for grades 5 through 8, using nutrition as a focal point. The program focuses on the popular topic of food to make the study of different cultures and historic periods more relevant. In the program students research the diets and prepare the meals of cultures they are studying. They learn that humans throughout history have been driven by similar nutrition needs whether they were Mayans, Roman Centurions, European explorers, or astronauts. Studying history through food conveys a clearer picture of people in the past: what they believed, how they experienced events, and how they conducted their lives. Students draw the important connection between then and now. The program becomes particularly relevant when students examine their own diets and evaluate them using computer software. (SG)… [PDF]

Padgett, Carmen H. A. (1982). Cross-Cultural Education: Its Relevance and Implications in the United States. This paper analyzes the relevance and implications of cross-cultural education for citizens of the United States and foreigners, and provides several definitions of culture. Educators must get closer to the foreign culture they are interested in learning or teaching. In that way they would discover how members of other cultures learn and could then understand why people of different cultures react differently to the same stimuli. Since this has not been done, Americans have become ethnocentric and have alienated other countries that are needed as allies. In the technological world of today it is a moral obligation to learn about the cultures of other countries, if one wishes to be able to evaluate their actions. Americans' main problem lies in their ignorance regarding deep-set cultural patterns of different nations. This ignorance results in a lack of respect for those patterns. Also included are suggestions for possible solutions of some world problems that could be supplied by…

Coller, Richard W.; Summers, John Mark (1981). Cross-Cultural Training in the Community College Curriculum. While technological advances have transformed man's social and cultural environment and increased the interconnection between individuals and cultures, they have not in themselves led to a deeper understanding of other cultures. Educational programs can play an important role in remedying this defect and in developing students' sensitivity to other cultures as well as promoting an increased awareness of world issues. Within this framework and within the context of dramatic socioeconomic changes in Hawaii, a course in intercultural communications was developed at Kauai Community College. An existing model was adapted to the particular needs and conditions of the college and community, resulting in: (1) the adoption of a workshop format; (2) offering the course for credit; (3) the inclusion of a significant amount of the theory and principles of intercultural communication; and (4) the integration into the course of a weekend camping retreat which emphasized participation, communal…

Sheffield, Caryl J. (1997). Instructional Technology for Teachers: Preparation for Classroom Diversity. Educational Technology, v37 n2 p16-18 Mar-Apr. Discusses instructional design procedures for teachers to increase instructional effectiveness in classrooms with a culturally diverse student body. Highlights include analyzing learner characteristics using standardized tests and informal assessment techniques; specifying instructional strategies that are particularly useful in multicultural classrooms; and examining materials for bias. (LRW)…