Goodman, Gail S.; And Others (1980). Automatic Processing of Word Meaning by Bilingual Children: Intralingual And Interlingual Interference. Automatic processing of word meaning by bilingual children was studied in a picture/word interference task. Thirty elementary and junior high students, fluent in French and English, named pictures as rapidly as possible while attempting to ignore distractor words printed inside the pictures' borders. The printed distractors interfered with naming both on intralingual trials, for which the distractor and name language were the same, and on interlingual trials, for which they were different. The pattern of interference across the six levels of name/distractor relation was similar for the intralingual and interlingual conditions and indicated that at least part of the interference occurred at a semantic level. Results question whether an "input switch" operates for bilingual word processing and suggest implications for the question of single versus dual conceptual systems in bilingual children. (Author/MP)… [PDF]

Guthrie, Larry F. (1983). Learning to Use a New Language: Language Functions and Use By First Grade Chinese-Americans. Final Report. The language use and interactions of limited English proficient Chinese American first graders and their two teachers were analyzed. One teacher was bilingual; the other was not. The study consisted of three phases: identification of speech events, recording and analysis of speech acts during teacher-directed lessons, and followup of target students in second grade. The monolingual English teacher was found to differentially treat the students who were less English proficient, using less effective questioning strategies and less clear instructions. The bilingual teacher was consistent and used Chinese during English reading instruction for a variety of carefully chosen purposes. In regard to student language use, it was found that student language varied less when comparing their communication with the two teachers, as English proficiency increased. The students targeted for followup appeared to have no problem making the transition to second grade. (Author/RW)… [PDF]

Hayes, Zoe Ann (1982). Limited Language Proficiency: A Problem in the Definition and Measurement of Bilingualism. Final Report. The phenomenon of limited bilingual language proficiency is reported to have negative academic and/or cognitive consequences, especially among Mexican-American minority language students. Where such students have been diagnosed, fears of concomitant congitive retardation are also expressed. Research was undertaken to understand the phenomenon better and to investigate its possible cognitive/academic consequences. The study defined the meaning of knowing a language, described bilingualism, and discussed bilingualism and cognitive development. The subjects for the investigation were Mexican-American third grade students in Santa Clara County (California) School districts. Analyses of all the test data used in the study indicated that no two language proficiency tests gave the same information about a child, and that the measure of communication skills was the best predictor of achievement. The results of the investigation do not lend support to the idea that limited bilingual language…

Thomas, Barbara (1976). Lost in the Jungles of Multi-Culturalism: Immigrant Children and Canadian Schools: A Review. This Magazine, 10, 1, 8-10, Feb-Mar 76. Suggests that a survey of ESL programs all across the country narrows the approach to the subject of the role of the Canadian schools in the development and education of non-English speaking immigrant children. (Author/AM)…

Schumann, John H. (1974). Techniques for Analyzing Second Language Acquistion Data –A Report from the 1974 TESOL Convention. TESOL Quarterly, 8, 4, 417-423, Dec 74. This paper summarizes the presentations given at the 1974 TESOL Convention, and includes discussion of second language learning universals, statistical techniques for analyzing morphemes, data collection techniques and tests of hypotheses about the nature of the second language learning process. (CK)…

(1981). Workshop on Problems Relating to the Language of Instruction in Multilingual Countries in Asia and the Pacific (Mysore, India, December 8-12, 1980). Final Report. The final report of a workshop convened by UNESCO is presented. The objective of the workshop was to formulate a conceptual framework for language instruction in a multicultural context that would be in harmony with the aspirations and interests of the population of individual countries and that would contribute to bringing national communities together in a spirit of justice and mutual respect. The discussion of the following issues is outlined: (1) linguistic profile of Asia and Oceania, (2) typology and dynamics of multilingualism, (3) assessment of cultural influence and oral traditions in relation to multilingualism in Asia and Oceania, (4) examination of current trends in national education and language situations with special reference to objectives and practice related particularly to local languages used as teaching subjects and media of instrucion, and (5) review of technical problems of language development. The discussion of each of these topics is summarized in outline…

Baruth, Leroy G. (1974). KOT: Measuring Occupational Awareness. School Shop, 34, 2, 47-8, Oct 74. A Knowledge of Occupations Test (KOT), developed at the University of South Carolina and administered to a norm group, revealed high school seniors planning immediate work after graduation scored significantly lower than students planning further training. Vocational education and industrial arts students did not show any greater knowledge of occupations. (EA)…

Hildebrand, John (1974). The Fredericton plan and how it started. Education Canada, 14, 2, 39-43, Jun 74. The author describes how a New Brunswick board set up an early French immersion program. (Editor)…

Trueba, Henry T. (1974). "Bilingualism in the Southwest": A Review. Research in the Teaching of English, 8, 1, 69-74, Spr 74. …

Dabrowska, Jadwiga (1975). Le bilinguisme et l'enseignement d'une langue etrangere (Bilingualism and Foreign Language Teaching). Glottodidactica, 8, 45-52, 75. Discusses the notion of bilingualism, the role of interference in language instruction to bilingual students, training for language teachers, and socio-cultural factors in second language learning. (Text is in French.) (AM)…

Andersson, Theodore (1969). Bilingual Schooling: Oasis or Mirage?. Hispania, 52, 1, 69-74, 69 Mar. …

Humes, Ann (1980). Assessing English Literacy Skills: Writing. The work involved in preparing writing skill specifications that could be used to determine bilingual students' entry into and exit from bilingual programs is described in this paper. The first section of the paper details the steps involved in identifying the critical writing skills required in grades one through six, while the second section discusses techniques for assessing those skills. The final section reviews some of the problems that were encountered in completing the specifications. A copy of a computer printout of data collected from textbooks, a chart depicting the variation that occurs between authorities' designations and textbook presentation of certain skills, and a portion of the complete framework are appended. (FL)…

Brougham, James (1981). The Measurement of Language Diversity. Accepting that language diversity is functionally related to other variables characterizing human societies, much discussion stems from the advantages or disadvantageous nature of language diversity in terms of national development and national unity. To discover ways of measuring language diversity would help, in part, to solve the language diversity issue; however, the lack of consistency and agreement in the definition of the two viewpoints hampers the language planners. Bearing in mind that any language diversity measure takes into consideration all languages present and considers the numbers of users of the languages, the coupling of these two independent variables renders the elimination of all ambiguity impossible in a diversity measure. For example, a society bearing a large number of languages with widely differing numbers of users will have the same diversity measurement as one characterized by a smaller number of languages but greater evenness of user distribution. The… [PDF]

de Leon, Victor; And Others (1981). Basic Skills Programs at the City University of New York: English as a Second Language. One of four reports describing the basic skills programs in writing, reading, English as a second language (ESL), and mathematics at the City University of New York (CUNY), this volume describes the ESL program designed for students who do not meet CUNY's standards for minimum competency in writing and reading or higher standards set by the colleges in which they are enrolled. Specifically, it contains data from a survey conducted to update information gathered through the instructional resource center in 1976. The report provides survey data that focuses on the experience of students from their identification as ESL students requiring specialized instruction through their placement in the proper courses and accompanying academic programs at CUNY to the point at which they complete the ESL sequence. Areas described include program structure and content and placement procedures for each CUNY college. Also described are the support services, faculty, and the impact on student…

McCullough, Constance M., Ed. (1980). Inchworm, Inchworm: Persistent Problems in Reading Education. The papers in this volume represent thoughts about the state of the art of teaching reading (with an emphasis on persistent problems) of many recognized authorities in the field of reading education. Eight of the articles were originally presented at a joint Reading Hall of Fame and International Reading Association (IRA) symposium at the IRA Convention in 1977. The book is divided into five sections with several articles on each topic. Writers in the section on a more literate society are David B. Tyack, Leo Fay, J. E. Merritt, and Keith J. Henderson. Writers represented in the section on the media and the reading teacher are Edgar Dale, Nancy Larrick, and Joanne E. Bernstein. Writers who contributed to the section on learning disabilities/reading disabilities are E. Jennifer Monaghan, Robert Karlin, Albert J. Harris, A. Sterl Artley, and Russell G. Stauffer. Authors of the articles on important components in reading education are Margaret Early, Marilyn Jager Adams, Richard C….

Hood, Marian White (1994). The Delta Team: Empowering Adolescent Girls. Schools in the Middle, v3 n3 p24-26 Feb. In response to adolescent girls' concerns about teen violence, rumors, grooming, careers, and equity, four women teachers and a woman administrator at a Maryland middle school developed the Delta Program. The program provides positive learning experiences, teaches social skills and conflict management techniques, empowers girls through mentoring and leadership training, and fosters multiethnic bonding. (MLH)…

Anderson/Sankofa, David A. (1993). Kwanzaa: A Resource for Resourceful Educators. MultiCultural Review, v2 n4 p36-38 Dec. Kwanzaa, the African-American cultural holiday, can be a valuable resource for teachers to help students develop as partners in a democratic society. The origins and practices of the celebration are explored, and several resources are described to help teachers and librarians develop programs to observe Kwanzaa and its seven principles. (SLD)…

Sage, Cherryl (1993). Of Pilgrims and Turkey: A Look at Thanksgivings Past and Present. Teacher's Roundtable. Social Studies and the Young Learner, v6 n2 p18-19 Nov-Dec. Asserts that patriotic holidays are an important aspect of the social studies curriculum and provide opportunities to study history. Gives a set of questions and answers about the origins of Thanksgiving. Includes references to recommended children's literature related to the topic. (CFR)…

Alawiye, Osman; Thomas, John I. (1993). American Elementary School Texts: Dignity for Blacks?. Social Science Record, v30 n1 p37-42 Spr. Reports on a review of nine elementary social studies textbooks for their treatment of African-American history and culture. Finds that the West African origins and culture of African Americans is largely ignored. Determines that textbooks present a biased and incomplete picture of slavery in early U.S. history. (CFR)…

Blair, Kristine (1998). Literacy, Dialogue, and Difference in the \Electronic Contact Zone.\. Computers and Composition, v15 n3 p317-29. Discusses a first-year writing class composed of both Hispanic-American and Anglo students, arguing that rather than regarding online conflicts between students as mere \flaming,\ such conflicts can be seen as a way of helping students develop as literate citizens more aware of difference. (SR)…

Galda, Lee; West, Jane (1998). Working with Young Adolescent Readers. New Advocate, v11 n4 p379-82 Fall. Discusses six books (published in 1997 or 1998) for educators that deal with teaching young adolescents and teaching with literature. (SR)…

Hubbard, Ruth Shagoury (1998). \The Place I Will Always Remember\: Drawing on Experiences through the Quilt Project. Voices from the Middle, v6 n1 p12-16 Sep. Discusses a quilt project in which ninth-grade English-as-a-Second-Language students wrote, drew, and talked about what they knew, remembered, and felt on the topic \Where I Came From,\ creating an anthology and a quilt. Describes how students' speaking practice, written language abilities, and self-confidence improved. (SR)…

Henze, Rosemary C. (1999). Curricular Approaches To Developing Positive Interethnic Relations. Journal of Negro Education, v68 n4 p529-49 Fall. Examines how curricular approaches have helped build positive interethnic relations in a large, ethnically diverse high school, documenting four curricular approaches teacher leaders used to address issues of race and ethnicity and exploring the impact of those approaches on student learning. Illuminates how teacher leaders and administrators created the conditions for these curricular reforms to be sustainable. (SM)…

Lewis, Valerie (1994). With Many Voices: Talking about Multicultural Children's Literature. Instructor, v103 n6 p38-41 Feb. The article presents advice from children's book authors and illustrators about choosing and using multicultural literature, discussing what to look for in multicultural literature and why multiculturalism matters. The article includes lists of multicultural resources for the classroom and of authors who write specifically about their cultures. (SM)…

Callahan, Carolyn M.; Moon, Tonya R. (2001). Curricular Modifications, Family Outreach, and a Mentoring Program: Impacts on Achievement and Gifted Identification in High-Risk Primary Students. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, v24 n4 p305-21 Sum. A study investigated the efficacy of specific interventions (mentoring, parental involvement, and multicultural curricula) on academic achievement of 273 elementary students from low-socioeconomic environments. The interventions had no statistically significant effect on student achievement in any grade. However, by the end of the program, students were on grade level. (Contains references.) (Author/CR)…

Paciotto, Carla (2004). Language Policy, Indigenous Languages and the Village School: A Study of Bilingual Education for the Tarahumara of Northern Mexico. International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism, v7 n6 p529-548. In 1991, the Bilingual Bicultural Education Program (BBEP) was launched in Chihuahua, Mexico, as a way of responding to the educational needs of the indigenous Tarahumara populations and the growing threat to their language and culture. Using a conceptual framework based on the literatures of curriculum inquiry, language shift and maintenance, and literacy studies, this 10-month ethnographic case study examines the sociocultural contexts of the implementation of the BBEP in a federal school serving Tarahumara and the role of the school and the BBEP in indigenous language maintenance. Specifically, the paper reports and discusses findings on how state-developed BBEP goals relate to the teachers' and parents' expectations of school and literacy and biliteracy. As the findings show, the school is the place of children's first intense contact with mestizo culture and language and the agency where children are expected by parents and teachers to acquire Spanish oral and literacy skills…. [Direct]

Danker, Anita C. (2003). Multicultural Social Studies: The Local History Connection. Social Studies, v94 n3 p111-117 May-Jun. Local history can help prepare students for standardized tests by helping them enhance their memories and possess solid understanding of the concepts that are fundamental to a particular discipline or field of study. Although it can effectively be argued that the study of local history may aid in the mastery of U.S. history topics, another often overlooked benefit is its significance as an authentic vehicle for conveying multicultural themes. Because local history is so grounded in social and cultural developments and largely embodies the stories of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups responsible for settling and building the communities of the nation, the integration of local content would naturally present multicultural perspectives. A multicultural unit designed for students at all levels of proficiency is described. (Contains 1 table.)… [Direct]

Hurt, Douglas A.; Wallace, Michael L. (2005). Teaching American Indian Geography and History with New Perspectives: The Lodge Pole River Project Example. Journal of Geography, v104 n5 p187-193. A three-year institute called \The Lodge Pole River Project\ was designed to change educator perceptions of American Indian historical geography and encourage the creation of balanced and culturally sensitive American Indian K-12 curriculum. This project offered unique opportunities to assess a geography institute's impact upon teacher knowledge and perceptions towards Native people and pedagogical approaches to teaching about American Indians and their landscapes. The assessment suggests that three weeks of field work, archival research, and curriculum writing increased participant knowledge of American Indian history and culture, solidified sympathetic perceptions and attitudes towards native people, and strengthened the ability of educators to offer different interpretations of American Indian geography and history to their students…. [Direct]

Davis, Louise E.; Whitener-Lepanto, Vicki (1994). Preservice Teachers and Culturally Diverse Families: How Do They Perceive One Another?. This paper discusses a study that explored the concerns and perceptions of culturally diverse families and the attitudes of preservice teachers toward students from culturally diverse families. To begin with, a qualitative study was conducted in which five international families and six American families were interviewed to examine concerns of parents who have their children in a culturally diverse setting. A descriptive quantitative study followed to determine if elementary preservice teachers were culturally sensitive as a total group to the culturally diverse families. The Cultural Diversity Awareness Inventory (CDAI) was used to determine the level of sensitivity of 637 preservice teachers who were enrolled in the student teaching phase of elementary teacher education programs. Findings included the following: (1) international families were concerned that their culture be maintained through opportunities for their children to eat native food, practice native customs, and… [PDF]

Rosenberg, Jan, Comp. (1992). A Bibliography of Works in Folklore and Education Published between 1929 and 1992. This bibliography presents books, journal articles, reports, and teaching guides published between 1929 and 1992 related to folklore education. The bibliography includes over 200 entries covering the history of education, community centered education, intercultural education, folklore and education, oral history projects conducted by students, and anthropology and education. Each entry includes author, date of publication, title, publisher, and library catalog number, when appropriate. (LP)… [PDF]