Kaplan, Robert B. (1971). Composition at the Advanced Level: A Teacher's Guide to Connected Paragraph Construction for Advanced Level Foreign Students. English Record, 21, 4, 53-64, Apr 71. …

Tax, Sol; Thomas, Robert K (1969). Education \for\ American Indians: Threat or Promise?. Florida F L Rep, 7, 1, 15-19, 154, 69 Spr/Sum. Results of this Carnegie Corporation of New York sponsored research project in literacy training among the Cherokee Indians of Eastern Oklahoma indicate that alienation rather than lack of opportunity is the chief difficulty in American Indian education. Appears in \The Florida FL Reporter special anthology issue \Linguistic-Cultural Differences and American Education. (FWB)…

Chesterfield, Kathleen Barrows; And Others (1982). Peer Interaction, Language Proficiency, and Language Preference in Bilingual Preschool Classrooms. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, v4 n4 p467-86 Dec. Classroom interactional patterns by language choice and speech partner of six four-year old Spanish-preferring children in a bilingual preschool, observed over one year, indicated that those children using relatively more English with peers in the classroom and increasing their English usage over time generally showed the greatest increases in English proficiency. (Author/NQA)…

Billy, Lise (1980). Experimentation d'une nouvelle approche en immersion (An Experiment in a New Immersion Approach). Canadian Modern Language Review, v36 n3 p422-33 Mar. Examines research on the effectiveness of bilingual French/English "immersion" programs v French/English "intensive" programs consisting of a regular curriculum in English plus an intensive five-month oral French program. (AM)…

Ireton, Elmer J. (1981). Learning a Second Language. Clearing House, v54 n7 p326-29 Mar. The author presents a rationale for kindergarten English instruction for the five-year-old Spanish-dominant child. To support his view, he cites research on cognitive development and language acquisiton during early childhood and discusses the appropriateness of the kindergarten environment for language learning. (SJL)…

McEachern, William (1980). Parental Decision for French Immersion: A Look at Some Influencing Factors. Canadian Modern Language Review, v36 n2 p238-46 Jan. Reports on a research study seeking to determine why a large percentage of English-speaking Canadian parents do not enroll their primary-aged children in French immersion programs. (AM)…

McWilliam, Norah (1996). Word-Weaving: Exploring Meaning in the Multilingual Classroom. Multicultural Teaching, v15 n1 p12-7 Aut. Describes an approach to lexical meaning in multilingual primary classrooms illustrated in the "Word-Weaving" project in a British school. Word weaving is a set of strategies to identify lexical demands of learning topics and to build opportunities for word meaning exploration into classroom discourse. (SLD)…

Huerta-Macias, Ana; Quintero, Elizabeth (1990). All in the Family: Bilingualism and Biliteracy. Reading Teacher, v44 n4 p306-12 Dec. Discusses the goals of Project Family Initiative for English Literacy (FIEL) and the rationale for the model on which it is based. Describes the curriculum and the content of the five-step lessons. Provides an example of one family's literacy growth within the project. (MG)…

Derwing, Tracey; Malicky, Grace V. (1993). Literacy Learning of Adults in a Bilingual ESL Classroom. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, v39 n4 p393-406 Dec. A Canadian bilingual ESL program for Cambodians was taught by an experienced English-speaking ESL teacher and a Cambodian-speaking coteacher. Observations, interviews, and journal analysis showed that a bilingual monocultural format encouraged student participation and peer teaching and that second-language learning was facilitated by first-language literacy. (KS)…

Gallegly, Glenda (1994). SPARK: A Bilingual Family Literacy Program. State of Reading, v1 n2 p9-13 Fall. Describes Special Parents Are Reading to Kids (SPARK), a program at an elementary school in Clute, Texas, which is a family literacy program for both English-speaking and Spanish-speaking parents, which teaches them how to share books with their children. (SR)…

Ochoa, Salvador Hector; Perez, Ricardo J. (1993). A Comparison of Planning and Personnel Factors in Bilingual Programs among Exemplary, Non-exemplary, and Accreditation Notice Schools. Bilingual Research Journal, v17 n3-4 p99-115 Sum-Fall. A survey of 169 educators examined aspects of instructional leadership in elementary bilingual programs. Bilingual programs in exemplary schools differed from those in average schools or schools on accreditation notice in identification procedures, teacher involvement in program development and evaluation, and training in the use of pacing of first and second language instruction. Includes survey questions. (Author/SV)…

Rosanova, Michael (1998). Early Childhood Bilingualism in the Montessori Children's House: Guessable Context and the Planned Environment. Spotlight: Montessori–Multilingual, Multicultural. Montessori Life, v10 n2 p37-48 Spr. Describes the InterCultura Montessori School language immersion program in Oak Park, Illinois. Profiles the work of several children to illustrate important language learning strategies. Recommends that language immersion programs include: survival vocabulary skills; repetition of key grammatical forms; use of objects, pictures, and dramatization; group readings; buddies/helpers; message and listening centers; and use of prior knowledge. (KB)…

Stafford-Levy, Michele; Wilburg, Karin M. (2000). Multicultural Technology Integration: The Winds of Change Amid the Sands of Time. Computers in the Schools, v16 n3-4 p121-34. This case study describes how a high school language arts teacher in a poor border community in southern New Mexico combined technology-based teaching strategies with multicultural elements to ensure learning and equitable access to technology for her minority students. Discusses bilingual and bicultural students, constructivist classrooms, and instructional flexibility. (Author/LRW)…

Frimpong, Joseph (1996). Empirical or Rationalist? Some Theories of Language Learning Reviewed. Multicultural Teaching, v14 n2 p44-46 Spr. Compares the empiricist approach of structural linguistics with the rationalist approach to language learning. In practice, a combination of ideas from both philosophies is usually applied to the instruction of second-language learners. Language learning occurs even in the absence of theory. (SLD)…

Buxton, Cory (1999). Designing a Model-based Methodology for Science Instruction: Lessons from a Bilingual Classroom. Bilingual Research Journal, v23 n2-3 p147-78 Spr-Sum. Students in a grade 2-3, two-way bilingual classroom increased their understanding of scientific practice through a model-based methodology for science instruction. Students collaborated with peers and teachers to create computer models, construct physical models, and talk about their models in the classroom. Aspects of second language usage in this context are discussed. (Contains 27 references.) (Author/SV)…

Peelle, Carolyn C. (2000). A Day of Learning about Teaching English Language Learners. Equity & Excellence in Education, v33 n3 p31-34 Dec. Describes the June 2000 conference at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, titled \Teaching English Language Learners: Effective Programs and Practices,\ which was co-sponsored by the Center for Research on Education, Diversity & Excellence and the Center for Applied Linguistics. Summarizes content from day two's plenary sessions and an additional workshop. Includes a chart of instructional/program alternatives for linguistically diverse students. (EV)…

Baez, Benjamin (2002). Learning To Forget: Reflections on Identity and Language. Journal of Latinos and Education, v1 n2 p123-32. A Puerto Rican scholar describes his second-grade experiences as a newcomer to the U.S. mainland: learning English required forgetting Spanish, and this "forgetting" was a requirement for successful inclusion into a new culture. Language has regulatory power to set up conditions for belonging and exclusion, but resistance to the hegemony and politics of language is possible. (Author/SV)…

Mercuri, Sandra (2000). Supporting Preliterate Older Emergent Readers in Becoming Bilingual and Biliterate. Talking Points, v12 n1 p8-13 Oct-Nov. Describes a bilingual Spanish/English teacher's grade 4/5/6 students, many of whom are children from migrant families with little or no formal schooling. Notes that classroom routines are helpful for these students. Describes an agriculturally-themed unit that draws on students' prior knowledge and that presents concepts they may have missed in previous years of limited schooling. (RS)…

Petrie, Lori; Sukanen, Rebecca (2001). Combining Forces: Collaboration between Bilingual/ESL Teachers and the Regular Classroom Using an A Priori Approach. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, v14 n4 p32-36 Fall. A third-grade teacher and an English-as-a-second-language (ESL) teacher collaborated to ensure the academic success of English language learners through "a priori" teaching. The ESL support teacher used verbal and interactive strategies to pre-teach key concepts, skills, and academic language relevant to the subject matter being covered in the regular classroom. (SV)…

Robisheaux, Jo Ann (1993). Aspects of Culture, Language, and Teacher Expectations in Public Schools: Implications for Spanish Speaking Students. This study used qualitative research methods to investigate instructional and noninstructional interactions of Hispanic and non-Hispanic teachers with Hispanic American students. Two monolingual non-Hispanic teachers and two bilingual (Spanish and English) teachers at two public elementary schools were participants. The teachers had similar teaching styles and made similar efforts to clarify, monitor, and expand their students' understanding. The most striking difference was the use of Spanish by bilingual teachers with Hispanic students during personal or casual conversations. This connection provided an avenue for teachers to ease the acculturation experiences of their students. There was also an observable difference between monolingual non-Hispanic teachers' expectations of Hispanic students and the bilingual teachers' expectations. Monolingual teachers said they had equal expectations, but bilingual teachers were aware that they had a special understanding of their students'… [PDF]

STUBING, CHARLES, ED. (1966). BILINGUALISM, ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHWEST COUNCIL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS (3RD, EL PASO, NOVEMBER 4-5, 1966). REPORTS. INCLUDED ARE REPORTS AND REPORT SUMMARIES ON BILINGUALISM IN TERMS OF (1) THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND COUNSELING VIEWPOINTS, (2) PROGRAMS, METHODS, AND MATERIALS, AND (3) RECRUITMENT AND PREPARATION OF BILINGUAL TEACHERS. THE FIRST REPORT DEFINES BILINGUAL SCHOOLING, PRESENTS FIVE VARIABLES AFFECTING SUCH SCHOOLING, ANALYZES SPECIFIC SCHOOL SITUATIONS, AND RECOMMENDS SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING PRINCIPLES. THE ADVANTAGES OF BILINGUALISM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SOUTHWEST COUNCIL PROGRAM ARE DISCUSSED. THE SECOND REPORT CONTAINS A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BILINGUALISM, OBJECTIVES FOR A BILINGUAL PROGRAM, A PRELIMINARY LIST OF MATERIALS, AND TENTATIVE GUIDELINES FOR A BILINGUAL CURRICULUM. THE THIRD REPORT COVERS THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE SKILLS FOR BILINGUALS, INTERCULTURAL PROBLEMS AND THE TEACHER OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE, TESL GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING STUDENT TEACHERS, RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF BILINGUAL TEACHERS IN MIAMI, AND PREPARATION OF TEACHERS FOR THE DISADVANTAGED. (AF)… [PDF]

Hornberger, Nancy H.; Micheau, Cheri (1993). "Getting Far Enough to Like It": Biliteracy in the Middle School. Peabody Journal of Education, v69 n1 p30-53 Fall. Examines one example of an enrichment bilingual program in a middle school in an inner-city Latino neighborhood. The article discusses instances of motivated, interdisciplinary, and biliterate learning observed in the classroom, describes obstacles and solutions, and suggests directions for continued curricular development. (SM)…

Stobbe, Judy (1994). Profile of Effective Bilingual Teaching, Kindergarten. Video Facilitator's Guide. Meeting the Challenge of Teaching Linguistically Diverse Students, Video Series. The guide, intended to accompany a 26-minute videotape recording, gives background information to assist in discussion of effective classroom practices appropriate to linguistically and culturally diverse students in kindergarten. The first part reviews briefly the basic principles of effective instruction in multicultural/bilingual classrooms. The second part outlines some effective strategies for a bilingual classroom, using quotations from the video and focus questions as a basis for discussion. The strategies examined include thematic instruction, the language development approach, collaborative/cooperative learning, classroom organization, and a number of literacy development strategies and activities. A brief list of resources is included. Appended materials include suggested activities to be incorporated into 2-hour, half-day, and 1-day workshops based on the videotape. (MSE)… [PDF]

Kleinfeld, Judith (1992). Alaska Native Education: Issues in the Nineties. Alaska Native Policy Papers. This booklet identifies several crucial problems in Alaska Native education, for example: (1) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) occur in Alaska Native populations at relatively high rates and can produce mental retardation, hyperactivity, attention deficits, and learning disabilities; (2) while many Native rural school districts have exceptionally low achievement test scores, a few do not, the success of these few appears to arise from widespread community support for educational goals, support that is conspicuously absent in many Native communities; (3) efforts to introduce the study of Native languages and cultures into the classroom are frequently unsatisfactory to students and communities due to lack of instructional materials, insufficient attention to staff development, and uncertain funding; (4) in recent decades, educational policy on secondary education has swung from a system of boarding schools to one of small high schools in rural villages,… [PDF]

Opper, Susan (1985). The Function of Home and Parents in an Intercultural Society. The CDCC's Project No. 7: "The Education and Cultural Development of Migrants.". The document presents major themes from a three-day symposium of immigrant and Swedish parents, teachers, teacher trainers, cultural workers, researchers, and government civil servants which explored the function of the home and parents in an intercultural society. The first three sections outline the relationship of the symposium to a pilot project coordinated by the Swedish National Parent-School Association which embraces the themes of the Council of Europe Project No. 7, entitled "The Education and Cultural Development of Migrants." Section IV explores the heterogeneous composition of Sweden's population, which increased 45% by immigration from 1944-1976. Section V reviews Sweden's formal and informal immigration policy. Section VI traces the position of immigrants with the National Parent-School Association. The next section addresses parents' questions about bilingualism and multiculturalism. Section VIII summarizes symposium themes into the statement that…

Spolsky, Bernard (1985). Overcoming Language Barriers to Education in a Multilingual World. The 75th anniversary of a city honored among other things for its role in the revival of the Hebrew language is an appropriate occasion to remind ourselves of the complex effects of language policy on education. In choosing to establish Hebrew as its standard language, Israel was working to proclaim both present and historical unity. The rapidity with which the language spread, the comparative ease with which large numbers of migrants came to use it, the skill with which it was developed for new domains of modern life, should not be permitted, however, to obscure one of the costs. In Israel, as in much of the modern world, children come to school speaking a language or a dialect different from the one valued by the school system. Failure to recognize this means that many children, whether their home language is different from the standard or a stigmatized variant of it, face a barrier to their education. Educational linguistics, a field that is well developed in Israel, provides a… [PDF]

James, Gregory (1984). Some Problems in In-Service Teacher Training. The problems of motivation and evaluation in the inservice training of primary school techers of English at the Institute of Language in Education in Hong Kong are discussed. The Institute was founded with the goal of improving the standard of English and Chinese in the schools and the community and to facilitate bilingualism in the Colony. A description is given of inservice training programs established to improve the skills of teachers of both Chinese and English. Included in the description is a discussion on how the syllabi used in the schools were reformed and the development of a new syllabus for English. Problems involved in implementing effective inservice education for the reformed curriculum and syllabi are analyzed in the light of how the teachers reacted to inservice workshops and their attitudes toward an evaluation system used to critique their work and progress. (JD)…

(1979). Colloquy on "The Teaching of the Language of the Host Country to Adult Migrants." Report. (Hasselby, Sweden, May 15-17, 1979). Specific objectives of the May 1979 colloquy of the Council for Cultural Co-operation of the Council of Europe are described as: (1) to present and discuss three pilot projects in France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Sweden for developing language learning objectives for adult migrants; (2) to produce plans for further modern language training activities in countries concerned with social and linguistic problems of migrants and their families; and (3) to provide for the deployment of tools for systems development which may lead to the selection of appropriate objectives, methodology, evaluation, and recognition. Texts of speeches and project presentations by participants are followed by a consolidated report, resulting from discussion of the pilot projects by four working groups who formed recommendations which were subsequently discussed, amended, and adopted by the participants. Recommendations are: to continue the pilot projects for teaching host country languages to…

Rudin, Neil (1976). An Ethnic Studies Component in the FL Curriculum. Bulletin of the Association of Departments of Foreign Languages, 8, 2, 42-44, Nov 76. Enrollment in ethnic studies courses is greatly increasing as students seek to learn the history, language, nature, problems and contributions of their own ethnic group. Language departments can aid this trend and meet students' needs by offering language and ethnic literature and culture courses. (CHK)…

Guthrie, James W. (1982). The Future of Federal Education Policy. Education and Urban Society, v14 n4 p511-30 Aug. Explores the evolution of contemporary Federal educational policy and the implementation of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (partially Title I and Title VII) and the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Describes trends toward reduced Federal involvement in education and discusses the role that States and local education agencies might take as Federal aid diminishes. (GC)…