Norton, Kathleen B. (1979). The Effect of Context on the Understanding of Idiomatic Expressions and Multiple-Meaning Vocabulary Words for Monolingual and Bilingual Readers. A study was conducted to determine if context facilitated the understanding of idiomatic expressions and multiple-meaning vocabulary words presented in narrative passages and if the passages containing these linguistic elements were comprehended. Specifically, the study compared the performance of monolingual and bilingual sixth grade and eighth grade students to discover if differences existed in the effectiveness of context as a function of language group membership and grade placement or reading achievement level. The subjects were administered tests of idioms in context and of vocabulary in context. Each test called for the subjects to read three passages, answer comprehension questions, and then read a reprinted passage with target words underlined to insure that they would refer to context as they selected definitions from a list provided. The results showed that comprehension was facilitated more by context than by definition selection tasks. In addition, reading achievement…

Blades, Stephen (1980). Poetry and Linguistic Awareness. As part of an investigation of ways to increase the linguistic awareness and communication skills of community college students from a variety of linguistic and cultural backgrounds, a study was conducted to determine if poetry study would enhance the word comprehension sensitivity of bilingual and bidialectal students. The 38 students involved in the study were enrolled in either a poetry class (experimental group) or a social studies class (control group). All students were administered the McGraw-Hill Basic Skills Vocabulary Test as both a pretest and a posttest. Both classes showed significant improvement in word comprehension sensitivity, a result possibly attributable to vocabulary work in each class. However, the findings suggest that students in the poetry class experienced a significant growth in word comprehension sensitivity and in interpersonal affective language usage due to their exposure to metaphoric language that was free of the cultural-specific limitations of…

Tovey, Hilary (1978). Language Policy and Socioeconomic Development in Ireland. Occasional Paper 4. This report, based on the materials used by the Committee on Irish Language Attitudes Research, describes the relations between language policy and socioeconomic development in the Republic of Ireland. Their contribution to central state planning in the maintenance and extension of Irish since attainment of political independence in 1922 is discussed. Topics discussed include community maintenance of language in Irish speaking areas, generating ability in Irish through the education system, education, and the relationship between Irish and social mobility. (Author/JB)…

Genishi, Celia (1977). Code-Switching in Four Six-Year-Old Spanish-English Speakers. This observational study examined code switching, the alternation of language or dialects to convey social meaning, in 6-year-old Spanish-English bilinguals. Specifically, the study attempted to determine which of the five variables were associated with code switches: physical setting; type of activity; characteristics of the addressee (age, ethnicity, linguistic ability); topic of conversation; linguistic intention (requesting help, arguing, etc.). The study also attempted to investigate any differences between children's and adults' code switching. Subjects were four children attending a bilingual day care center-kindergarten. Children's language production and concurrent behavior were recorded. From the data, seven types of activity settings were isolated. Episodes of interactive speech were analyzed for the five variables studied. Results indicate that the only variable having a clear effect was the addressee's linguistic ability; children were able to choose and maintain the…

Luft, Max; And Others (1977). Development of a Test Instrument to Determine Language Dominance of Primary Students: Test of Language Dominance (TOLD). The objective of this study was to develop a highly reliable instrument for primary grade students which was relatively culture free and could accurately identify each child's dominant language. In addition, it should provide normative data regarding the child's fluency in his two most predominant languages. This test, known as the Test of Language Dominance, was simultaneously developed in English, Navajo, Spanish, Yupik and Zuni. Items which did not indicate satisfactory statistical rigor during the pilot test phase were removed or modified. The test is divided into Part I (receptive verbal ability) and Part II (expressive verbal ability). Part I, which features progressive item difficulty, is group-administered to children who respond by marking one picture out of the four which the administrator describes. Part II is individually administered with each student naming as many things as he can in a given domain in one minute. The test must be administered by a person fluent in… [PDF]

Rodrigues, Raymond J. (1974). A Comparison of the Written and Oral English Syntax of Mexican American Bilingual and Anglo American Monolingual Fourth and Ninth Grade Students (Las Vegas, New Mexico). In comparing the written and oral English syntax of Mexican-American bilingual and Anglo-American monolingual students, this study sought to learn specifically whether these two groups of students represent the same speech population in English syntactic use. A total of 70 subjects were randomly selected for the four groups (bilingual and monolingual fourth and ninth graders). Each subject was taped in an interview to acquire a sample of oral language production–free speech–while free writings in class were used for written production. Oral and written samples were divided into T-units, and 20 T-units of each language production were randomly sampled for each student and then analyzed to test for central tendency, dispersion, and skewness. Results showed that the bilingual and monolingual students do represent the same language population in English syntactic usages, except in ninth-grade written average clause length. However, the study raises questions, and the subject warrant's… [PDF]

Askins, Billy E.; Cornett, Joe D. (1976). Multiple Correlation as an Extension of One Group Evaluation Designs. The usefulness of multiple correlation as an extension of one group evaluation designs was investigated. Program participants were measured on the amount of time each spent participating in a specific activity. This information, along with selected personal variables, was used in a correlational analysis to determine the contribution of various program activities and personal variables to the measured changes on the criterion variables. It was found that multiple correlation can provide a wealth of information to decision-makers at a minimum cost. (Author/RC)… [PDF]

Ching, Doris C. (1976). Reading and the Bilingual Child. Reading Aids Series. This book describes the special needs and learning problems of the bilingual child; reviews and summarizes research on teaching English as a second language, showing various teaching approaches; and provides practical ideas for the classroom teacher in the reading instruction of the bilingual child, with suggestions for the development of motivation and self-concept, auditory discrimination, vocabulary and concepts, oral language, and formal reading instruction. A list of references is included. (JM)… [PDF]

Harms, L.S. (1975). Phonetic Science, Intercultural Communication and the Right of Man to Communicate. When phonetic science is extended from an individual to a dyadic system base, it acquires relevance to intercultural communication. A study examining the ability of sixteen Japanese American bilingual communicators to be understood in a situation of stressful audial interference establishes the upper limit for training in pronunciation. An approach designed to modify the dialect of college-age adults living in a multilingual community is also based on the dyadic model. Characterization of the patterns of intercultural communication in terms of dyadic phonetic patterns, such as time-imbalance, switching pause, and mismatch analysis, provides a focus for more detailed analysis of international relationships. As phonetic science becomes important to intercultural communication, it assumes the potential for making contributions to worldwide communication needs. (KS)… [PDF]

Harkins, Arthur, Ed.; Woods, Richard, Ed. (1969). Problems of Cross-Cultural Educational Research and Evaluation: The Rough Rock Demonstration School. This report contends that the preliminary negative evaluation of the Rough Rock Demonstration School (RRDS) was due more to the investigators' culture shock than the actual situation. RRDS, an experimental school, is unusual in that is administered mainly by Navajos. Thus the appearance of this school, which offers a bilingual and bicultural educational program, reflects the attitudes and customs of its native administration. The problems of cross-cultural studies and evaluations are discussed along with specific instances of faulty assessments of the school. The problems encountered in finding a representative sampling of parents and students, translation, imposing Anglo middle class values on the Navajo way of life, payment of poor people for services, community relations, nepotism, teaching English as a second language, the deleterious effects of traditional dormitory life on Navajos, and parental involvement are presented. (KG)… [PDF]

Peniche Leger, Maria Elena (1972). Tecnologia educativa: Lengua nacional 1. Guiones didacticos para el profesor (Educational Technology: National Language 1. Teacher's Guide). This is the first in a series of six teacher's guides designed to accompany the Senda textbooks (FL 004 047 through 004 052). It contains instructions for presenting the lessons and for handling the individual needs of the pupils. (Author/SK)…

Peniche Leger, Maria Elena (1972). Tecnologia educativa: Lengua nacional 2. Guiones didacticos para el profesor (Educational Technology: National Language 2. Teacher's Guide). This is the second in a series of six teacher's guides designed to accompany the Senda textbooks (FL 004 047 through 004 052). It contains instructions for presenting the lessons and for handling the individual needs of the pupils. (Author/SK)…

Peniche Leger, Maria Elena (1972). Technologia educativa: Lengua nacional 3. Guiones didacticos para el profesor (Educational Technology: National Language 3. Teacher's Guide). This is the third in a series of six teacher's guides designed to accompany the Senda textbooks (FL 004 047 through 004 052). It contains instructions for presenting the lessons and for handling the individual needs of the pupils. (Author/SK)…

Peniche Leger, Maria Elena (1972). Tecnologia educativa: Lengua nacional 4. Guiones didacticos para el profesor (Educational Technology: National Language 4. Teacher's Guide). This is the fourth in a series of six teacher's guides designed to accompany the Senda textbooks (FL 004 047 through 004 052). It contains instructions for presenting the lessons and for handling the individual needs of the pupils. (Author/SK)…

Peniche Leger, Maria Elena (1972). Tecnologia educativa: Lengua nacional 5. Guiones didacticos para el profesor (Educational Technology: National Language 5. Teacher's Guide). This is the fifth in a series of six teacher's guides designed to accompany the Senda textbooks (FL 004 047 through 004 052). It contains instructions for presenting the lessons and for handling the individual needs of the pupils. (Author/SK)…

Kosonen, Liisa (1990). The CDCC Teacher Bursaries Scheme. A European Teachers' Seminar on the Teaching of Linguistic and Cultural Minorities (Vaaksy, Finland, August 7-11, 1989). The European Teachers' Seminar held in Vaaksy, Finland in August 1989 was attended by 29 participants from 12 European countries representing elementary and secondary school teachers, adult educators, teacher trainers, and national school board officials responsible for minority education. The theme was instruction of linguistic and cultural minorities and increased international understanding in Europe, with emphasis on integration of linguistic and cultural minorities into the school and society in a way that would retain the minority language and culture. The report contains an overview of proceedings, texts of presentations on bilingual and minority identity and the Lappish language as a medium of instruction, summaries of presentations on intercultural education and human rights and on language and culture from the minority viewpoint, and a summary of working group reports. Working groups concluded that bilingual education should support equal rights to education, acknowledge…

(1993). PETOM: Preservice Education for Teachers of Minorities. Kamehameha Journal of Education, v4 p1-9 Fall. The paper presents an overview of a two-year program called PETOM (Preservice Education for Teachers of Minorities), which receives funding from the Kamehameha Schools and the University of Hawaii to prepare teachers of underachieving minority children. The program educates teachers who can make school successful for Hawaii's minority students. (SM)…

Boldt, David J.; And Others (1995). The Internet: A Curriculum Warehouse for Social Studies Teachers. Social Studies, v86 n3 p105-12 May-Jun. Provides an introduction to the Internet with special focus on access issues, electronic communication, and tools for making the Internet easier to use. Identifies selected Internet resources appropriate for social studies. Includes three lesson plan ideas and five tables listing Internet resources. (CFR)…

Hollingsworth, Sandra (1995). The "Problem" of Gender in Teacher Education. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, v8 n2 p3-11 Spr. Gender issues are not addressed in teacher education because of time constraints, the view of teaching as "a women's profession," the belief in objective gender-blind educational research, and the controversial and emotional nature of gender issues. Addresses how feminist scholarship can assist teacher educators in incorporating gender issues into teacher education. (LP)…

Wilson, Angene H. (1993). Conversation Partners: Helping Students Gain a Global Perspective through Cross-Cultural Experiences. Theory into Practice, v32 n1 p21-26 Win. The article reviews research on the impact of international experience on preservice teachers, discusses off-campus international experiences, and describes an on-campus, cross-cultural conversation partners program designed to increase the intercultural competence of teacher education students at the University of Kentucky. (SM)…

Smolkin, Laura B.; Suina, Joseph H. (1999). Cross-Cultural Partnerships: Acknowledging the \Equal Other\ in the Rural/Urban American Indian Teacher Education Program. Teaching and Teacher Education, v15 n5 p571-90 Jul. Describes the Rural/Urban American Indian Teacher Education Program, based on Baber's (1970) notion of the equal other. It featured cross-cultural partnerships at every possible level. Its goals were to prepare more American-Indian teachers and culturally enhance the preparation of white, female, monolingual candidates. The paper examines some of the program's successes, failures, and distinctive features. (SM)…

Miller, Robert; Robin, Bernard (1998). Developing an Electronic Infrastructure To Support Multimedia Telecomputing Resources. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, v6 n2-3 p151-67. The Houston Consortium of Urban Professional Development and Technology Schools project, developed to prepare teachers for urban, multicultural classrooms is continuing its development of a telecommunications infrastructure for its members–faculty, teachers, staff and students from colleges, public schools, and regional educational service agencies. Discussion includes telecomputing goals, networking hardware, software, and links to additional sources. (AEF)…

Lindgren, Merri V., Ed. (1991). The Multicolored Mirror: Cultural Substance in Literature for Children and Young Adults. This book expands on presentations made at a conference to provide a resource for teachers, librarians, educators, and others with an interest in cultural substance in literature. "Multicultural" is used to refer to people of color, including African Americans, American Indians, Asian Americans, and Hispanics. The following selections are included: (1) "Looking into the Mirror: Considerations behind the Reflections" (K. T. Horning and G. M. Kruse); (2) "The Development of Self-Esteem in Children of Color" (V. M. Henderson); (3) "Evaluating Books by and about African-Americans" (R. S. Bishop); (4) "Transcending the Form" (T. Feelings); (5) "Going around the Block" (G. Ancona); (6) "Publisher's Perspective" (P. Yeh, W. Hudson, and C. Hudson); (7) "Authentic Multicultural Literature for Children: An Author's Perspective" (E. F. Howard); (8) "1492-1992 from an American Indian Perspective" (D….

Lackey, Donald H. (1995). Promoting Multiethnic Relationships by Utilizing the Principles of Community Building. This report describes a student leadership program, Putting the Environment Above the Common Ego (PEACE), designed to reduce incidences of eighth grade students forming self-segregating groups based on ethnic or racial heritage. The targeted groups form the diverse student body attending a middle school with 1,400 students in Rockford, Illinois. Formation of the student-devised segregated groups was revealed by staff and administration. Analysis of staff and student surveys, personal logs, and the study of the student composition of after school groups confirm the initial observations of this middle school's professional staff. Causes of the problem include: (1) a city historically and geographically divided with societal tendencies to categorize people by race, economic circumstances, or ethnic background; and (2) a school culture that failed to address adequately the issue of diversity. The PEACE leadership program, based on survey interpretation and personal logs, did not appear… [PDF]

(1995). Diversity in the Workplace [in HRD]. These four papers are from a symposium that was facilitated by Laura Bierema at the 1995 conference of the Academy of Human Resource Development (HRD). \The Status of Valuing and Managing Diversity in Fortune 500 Manufacturing and Fortune 500 Service Organizations: Perceptions of Top Human Resource Professionals\ (Sandra J. Johnson) reports a study that established a broad definition of diversity and a rationale for going beyond discriminatory, reactive, legalistic, or nonsystemic approaches to dealing with work force diversity; determined a list of common HRD components; and examined business factors related to diversity development efforts. \A Theory of Diversity\ (Christopher Washington) presents a theory that provides a psychological rationale for why diversity is related to performance in groups. \Work Force Diversity in Fortune 500 Corporations Headquartered in Minnesota: Concepts and Practices\ (Karin Tomervik) reports a study that provides a conceptual framework for…

(1997). Valencia Community College, Exploring America's Communities. Progress Report. In 1996, Florida's Valencia Community College (VCC) participated in the American Association of Community Colleges' Exploring America's Communities project, which works to strengthen the teaching and learning of American history, literature, and culture at U.S. community colleges. The central aim of the college's action plan was to develop activity packets or modules that focused on a theme and which provided a structured sequence of learning activities organized around the theme. The theme embodied the following ideas: concrete activities designed to stimulate student thought, personal observation or reflection, collaborative activity, synthesis and application of learning, and assessment. The intent was to provide groundwork for the Summer Institutes on non-Western civilizations scheduled for 1997. After developing the draft action plan, the team decided to organize a college-wide public event that would highlight the Common Ground agenda. Obstacles faced by the college included… [PDF]

Fairchild, Halford H., Comp.; And Others (1992). Discrimination and Prejudice: An Annotated Bibliography. Second Edition. A comprehensive and comparative compilation of the social science literature pertinent to ethnic discrimination and racial discrimination and practice is presented, focusing on areas of discrimination common to these groups in economics, education, employment, health, housing, criminal justice, and political participation. To represent major ethnic groups, the bibliography is presented in the following parts: (1) African Americans; (2) American Indians; (3) Asian Americans; (4) Hispanic Americans; and (5) Multi Ethnic. Each bibliography is accompanied by its own index that lists major content areas and subareas. There are over 4,200 entries. The education content area includes 425 references related to African Americans, and the multi-ethnic section lists 340 articles focusing on education. Education entries form a much smaller part of the other ethnic listings. (SLD)…

Wright, Kathleen M. (1997). [English as a Second Language; Freshman English; and Indian Literature.] Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad, 1997 (India). This paper contains three lesson plans about India for use at the community college level by teachers of freshman English, any literature course that includes a unit on Indian literature, or English as a Second Language. The lessons vary in length and depth with the pace set by the professor. None is intended to be completed in one class period. The lessons contain objectives and procedures for conducting the lesson, as well as suggestions for additional resources. (EH)… [PDF]

Litwin, Mark S. (1995). How To Measure Survey Reliability and Validity. The Survey Kit, Volume 7. The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and conduct surveys and become better users of survey results. All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and annotated references. This volume, seventh in the series, shows readers how to assess and interpret the quality of their survey data by examining the survey instrument thoroughly. The book explains how to code and pilot test new and established surveys. It also covers such issues as how to measure reliability (such as test-retest, alternate-form, internal consistency, interobserver and intraobserver reliability). How to measure content, criterion, and construct validities is explained, and how to address cross-cultural issues in survey research is described. Also described is how to scale and score a survey. The following chapters are included:…

(1990). United States and New York State History, Grade 7. A Multicultural Perspective. Volume I. This resource guide, designed for use by New York City teachers, provides a wide range of suggested approaches and materials from which teachers can select as they teach the grade 7 and grade 8 course "United States and New York State History." The resource guide strives to include the histories, perspectives, and contributions of all people (women, African-Americans, American Indians, and ethnic minorities) and thus is in keeping with the social history approach prescribed by the State Syllabus for grades 7 and 8. The materials presented in this volume of the overall guide represent suggested approaches for teaching the first two units of the six unit syllabus. Unit 1 is titled "The Global Heritage of the American People"; Unit 2 is titled "European Exploration and Colonization of the Americas." Each unit is comprehensive and has been divided into several learning activities, each of which relates to a particular topic within the unit and contains a…