(1991). Long-Range Plan for Library Services in Wisconsin, 1991-1996. Bulletin No. 92157. This report addresses the status of library development in Wisconsin, the needs and problems of libraries, and possible ways of meeting these needs over the next 5 years. These long-range plans developed by the staff of the Division for Library Services (DLS) reflect reports submitted to the DLS, surveys, consultations with librarians and trustees, and various statewide planning efforts and studies involving librarians from around the state. The primary focus of the plan is on statewide and state-level library activities, DLS statutory requirements and services, and the Library Services and Construction ACT (LSCA) priorities. Intended to provide a broad framework for division and statewide planning activities, as well as a framework for local library and system planning efforts, the long-range plan is presented in three sections: (1) characteristics of Wisconsin affecting library services, including population, economic indicators, and trends in education; (2) a statement of the…

McCart, Linda (1993). Changing Systems for Children and Families. This document summarizes the results of research on reform of state and national policy affecting families and children. The document begins with a rationale for change, and follows with four chapters that identify barriers stemming from attitudes, system organization, resource limitations, and technical problems. Each chapter suggests strategies for overcoming these barriers. Problems stemming from attitudes include resistance to change, deficit mentality, over-specialization, public skepticism, politics, and "turf battles." Suggested strategies include: (1) formulating a clear vision; (2) instituting cross-disciplinary and cultural training; (3) soliciting public involvement; (4) communicating successes; (5) changing agency work environment; (6) building coalitions; and (7) developing collective ownership. Systems difficulties include lack of a policy framework, diffused authority, complexities of funding, inadequate communication among agencies, lack of commitment, and…

Johns, Jerry L.; VanLeirsburg, Peggy (1994). Teachers as Readers. Literacy Research Report No. 18. A study examined teachers' reading habits and attitudes. Subjects, 204 educators who were enrolled in classes or a for-credit reading workshop in the northern Illinois area, completed a 32-item survey to determine their reading habits. Respondents were primarily elementary teachers who had earned at least a bachelor's degree and who had six or fewer years of experience in their current position. Results indicated that: (1) over half read at least three journal articles a month and two professional books each year; (2) at least three-fourths read the newspaper daily, one magazine that was not a professional journal, and one book for pleasure reading monthly; however, (3) only half of the respondents reported that administrators where they worked shared research and other professional writing at meetings; (4) only about 40% of the respondents felt that their colleagues frequently referred to ideas and research from professional readings; and (5) respondents felt they did not have… [PDF]

Hamel, Thomas (1994). Chairing the Multi-Disciplinary Department. One of the most distinctive features of academic departments in community colleges is their multi-disciplinary nature. While the creation of multi-disciplinary departments usually results from pragmatic considerations, they do present some advantages over one-subject departments in that faculty are obliged to learn other disciplines and a system of checks and balances is maintained between the disciplines. The chairs of such departments, however, are faced with unique considerations. First, they must create an inclusive departmental identity through departmental meetings and off-campus retreats in which faculty can identify and discuss goals, interests, and needs that all the disciplines share. Second, chairs must understand the size and politics of the department and identify common interests to offset any rivalry between disciplines. Third, it is important that chairs set standards for good teaching, while at the same time learning what methods work in which discipline. Fourth, it… [PDF]

Berg, Paul K.; Ohler, Jason (1991). Strategic Plans for Use of Modern Technology in the Education of American Indian and Alaska Native Students. The American school system is an invention of the Industrial Revolution. Schools were organized like industries to train workers for an industrial society. The resulting large, low-context, industrial schools institutionally discriminate against Native students. Also antagonistic to Native students is the dogma of Western science, a reductionist model that accepts only observable, quantifiable, replicable information as valid. However, the technology of industrial education has reached its upper limit of performance and is proving inadequate to meet the expectations of society. On the horizon is a new educational paradigm, a new way of viewing reality, supported by new technological tools. These tools include local area computer networks, integrated learning systems, CD-ROM technology, computer managed instruction, computer assisted instruction, multimedia systems, statewide and other large scale computer information systems and databases, and distance education technologies. Ten… [PDF]

Burke, Michael A.; Garrard, Susan (1989). Project B.E.S.T.: Better Educational Systems through Telecommunications. Phase I. Evaluation Report. This report summarizes the pilot-year (1988-89) activities of a project in the Green Bay Area (Wisconsin) Public School District which provides educational programming via an ITFS (Instructional Television Fixed Service) system. The goal of the project was to expand opportunities for staff development, staff communication, and resource sharing through effective utilization of a distance education telecommunications network. This report begins by describing the formation of an ITFS user consortium–the Northeast Wisconsin Telecommunications Education Consortium (NEWTEC)–and activities undertaken to meet two objectives: the design and implementation of staff development programing in a minimum of four locations, and the provision of increased learning opportunities with the network fully operational by January 1, 1991. Findings of the Phase I evaluation are then presented, covering technical concerns, the ITFS consortium structure and communication, ITFS program selection and… [PDF]

King, H. Elizabeth; And Others (1983). Assessment and Treatment of Sexually Abused Children and Adolescents. These papers on child and adolescent sexual abuse address the psychological consequences, psychological assessment techniques, and clinical issues in group therapy with sexually abused girls. In the first paper. H. Elizabeth King discusses the psychological consequences of sexual assault and incest on minors particularly in regard to family dynamics; the victim's age, cognitive development, and affective problems; and the effects on long term interpersonal relationships. Next, Carol Webb considers the psychological assessment of sexually abused adolescents in the context of a clinical study of 14 abused girls. Results of the study are presented in which the differences between this population and \normals\ in objective, projective, cognitive, and affective processes are addressed. Differences between incest victims and those individuals with a one-time-only occurrence of sexual abuse are discussed also. In the final paper, Ann Hazzard explores the effects of group therapy over time… [PDF]

Hansen, Jane (1987). When Writers Read. Focusing on encouraging students to take responsibility for their own learning and giving them a sense of control over their efforts, this book explores how the response approach to writing instruction can be put to good use in teaching children to read. Respectively, chapters discuss (1) how the author learned about writing, reading, teaching, and learning; (2) writing with reference to time, choice, response, structure, and community; (3) how time affects reading; (4) how readers decide what to read, why they want to read a book, and which strategies to use; (5) responsibility between teachers and students, among students, and to the self; (6) the structure within which the teacher moves among the students and the students work together and alone; (7) the role of the community; (8) how listening affects reading; (9) how talking affects reading; (10) evaluation and reading attitudes; (11) the role of phonics; (12) skills, including context clues, spelling, phonics, punctuation,…

Deuchar, Margaret (1978). Diglossia and British Sign Language. Sociolinguistic Working Paper Number 46. A study of the nature and function of British Sign Language (BSL) as used in the British deaf community is described. The study examined two hypotheses: (1) that the notion of diglossia applies to the British deaf signing community, and (2) that the low variety of BSL will exploit the visual medium in its grammar to a greater extent than the high variety. Data were collected on the structural features of the language relating to diglossia according to Charles Ferguson's work, and on those areas of grammar sharing special potential for exploitation of the visual medium: spatial modification as a marker of case relations, negatives, and interrogatives. The research population was the entire British signing community of about 40,000. Results show the community has a clear perception of two varieties of BSL, each used under different conditions comparable to high and low forms in diglossia, and that the low form does exploit the visual medium in its grammar to a greater extent. The… [PDF]

(1987). Building Self-Esteem and Confidence of Substance Abusers through Adult Basic Education. A 310 Special Demonstration Report. September 1, 1986 to June 30, 1987. A project was conducted at Crossroads Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation Center (Erie, Pennsylvania) to help residents build self-esteem and confidence through a course involving decision making, problem solving, and values clarification. Strategies, academic skills, reading, writing, and mathematics were introduced as part of the program. Over the years, counselors at the Center have noted the substance abusers have one outstanding problem–poor self-image. Clients were helped to set goals and to prepare for the General Educational Development Tests in order to receive a high school diploma. A curriculum centered on motivation lessons that would increase self-esteem, enhance decision-making ability, and give the students goal-making skills was developed and implemented. The BASIS test was used for pre- and posttesting. Self-esteem was measured by the Junior-Senior High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ). To implement the curriculum, two adult learning center instructors met with… [PDF]

Blai, Boris (1988). "Creative" Work Schedules. Many creative or flexible work scheduling options are becoming available to the many working parents, students, handicapped persons, elderly individuals, and others who are either unable or unwilling to work a customary 40-hour work week. These options may be broadly categorized as either restructured or reduced work time options. The three main restructured work time options are flextime (a work schedule that permits flexible starting and quitting times but still requires a standard number of hours within a given time period); compressed work weeks (full-time work schedules in fewer than five days each week); and telecommuting (an arrangement in which employees working off-site are electronically linked to an office via computer). The following are reduced work time options: permanent part-time (less than full-time employment that includes job security and all other rights available to full-time workers); job sharing (an arrangement in which two people voluntarily share the…

Hyman, Randy; And Others (1988). Student Outcomes Assessment Survey 1987-88. Assessment of student learning and development has become a national issue. The status of local campus initiatives was considered in a national survey designed to determine (1) the extent to which assessment programs have been developed or are being developed, (2) the objectives and source of initiation, and (3) assessment techniques. Emphasis was on the role student affairs played in local campus assessment initiatives. All National Association of Student Personnel Administrator (NASPA) member institutions in the United States and Canada were surveyed with a pen and pencil instrument. Responses were solicited with the Total Design Survey Method. The survey form had four areas: general institutional information, student outcome program/plan, information sharing, and optional section. Institutions were identified as two- or four-year colleges, universities, or graduate schools, although there were not enough respondents in the fourth category to permit conclusions to be drawn…. [PDF]

Murphy, Mary Brugger (1984). A Guide to Intergenerational Programs. This report provides information on the content, impact, and characteristics of over 50 model intergenerational programs across the United States. It is organized along a continuum starting with programs involving the most physically capable and mobile persons and moving toward those in which the older person is in increasing need of support and service. The report provides (1) ideas for types of intergenerational programs that might be appropriate responses to local needs, (2) models of sound practice, (3) information about individuals, organizations, and clearinghouses that provide expertise in special program areas, and (4) resources on program development. Programs in the first section describe complementary ways in which the need for suitable child care has been met by older persons needing stimulation, social contact, and/or added income. Fifteen programs incorporating intergenerational programs into elementary, secondary, and higher education are described in the second and… [PDF]

Brizius, Jack A.; And Others (1988). Education Reform in Rural Appalachia, 1982-1987. This study examines the effects of recent statewide education reforms on small, rural schools in 13 Appalachian states. Education reform measures passed in the Appalachian states during 1982-1987 focused on improving schools through the following major approaches: (1) increased accountability through testing students and changing accreditation standards for schools; (2) higher minimum standards in schools and mandated curriculum improvements; (3) changes in teacher compensation, certification, and professional development; (4) new programs to improve administration and leadership; (5) mandated programs for special populations; and (6) increased state aid and changes in financial aid formulas. Forty-seven responses from a mail survey of 114 rural school districts and interviews with 80 state policymakers and local education officials indicate that (1) reform implementation has stretched the administrative and financial capacity of rural school districts; (2) new curricula… [PDF]

(1987). Long-Range Plan for Library Services in Wisconsin, 1987-1992. Bulletin No. 8169. This report addresses the status of library development in Wisconsin, the needs and problems of libraries, and possible ways of meeting these needs over the next 5 years. These long-range plans developed by the staff of the Division for Library Services (DLS) reflect reports submitted to DLS, surveys, consultations with librarians and trustees, and various statewide planning efforts and studies involving librarians from around the state. The primary focus of the plan is on statewide and state-level library activities, DLS statutory requirements and services, and the Library Services and Construction Act (LCSA) priorities. Intended to provide a broad framework for DLS and statewide planning activities, as well as a framework for local library planning efforts, the long-range plan is presented in three sections: (1) characteristics of Wisconsin affecting library services, including population, economic indicators, and trends in education; (2) a statement of the organization and…

Hattlestad, Neil W. (1981). The University's Responsibility in Offering Continuing Education for Professionals–Can Graduate Credit be Justified?. Two major issues in inservice teacher education are: (1) Who is responsible for teaching these professional education courses?; and (2) Are these courses worthy of graduate credit? College faculty members generally agree that institutions of higher learning are obligated to assist practitioners, but universities have been reluctant to offer courses that address the immediate needs of teachers. The result is that professional organizations and school districts have taken the initiative to develop their own inservice delivery systems. However, these agencies cannot match the number and diversity of resources that universities can provide, making the university the most logical center for offering continuing education experiences. The question of extending credit for continuing education courses has arisen because some programs have been criticized as deficient in library resources, entrance requirements, and control over teaching staff. Universities must also either relax standards to…

Brethower, Dale M.; Pasch, Marvin (1978). Diffusing Innovation in an Urban Setting: An Evaluator's Perspective. Described in this paper is a project utilizing the linkage concept in the implementation of a diffused team planning process in six elementary schools undergoing desegregation. Strategies employed in designing the project are reviewed. These reviews include a retrospective analysis of the first two years of the project, a review of the minutes of the team planning sessions, and a review of literature on diffusion. The implementation of the Linkage Model is described in terms of the following: (1) the role of the diffusion manager or "linking agent" in helping the participating schools develop systematic problem solving processes within the planning teams and to help link the teams to existing resources within the school system; (2) the concept of the mini-project for dealing with a specific classroom need; (3) a training system for helping each planning team develop, implement, and evaluate a mini-project; and (4) the role of the diffusion task force in solving immediate… [PDF]

Drummond, William; And Others (1975). Performance-Based Teacher Education: A 1975 Commentary. PBTE Series No. 19. The observation of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education Committee on Performance Based Teacher Education (PBTE) on the state of the art of PBTE in 1975 are presented in this publication. The Committee states that PBTE may be defined as a process for improving the preparation and development of educational personnel. This process includes the following operations: (a) the basis for decision making about development and implementation is clearly defined, (b) outcomes for students and programs are specifically and operationally defined, (c) program design is congruent with both student and program outcomes, (d) student and program outcomes are evaluated periodically, and (e) operations within the process are revised and/or specifications are changed according to feedback from the evaluations. This report discusses the following three areas in which issues and problems in PBTE have been clearly enunciated; (a) the lack of an adequate knowledge base for designing… [PDF]

(1974). Public School Model Service Center Providing Prompt Analysis of Learning Disabilities. Final Evaluation Report 1971 – 1974. Presented is the final evaluation report of the third year of a project to develop a model for providing prompt analysis of learning disabilities, intensive specialized teaching, support to parents and regular teachers, and a practicum for specialist teachers in California. Sections cover the following: historical background of the project, evaluation methodology, implementation of the model in the San Francisco Unified School District, conclusions, definitions of intervention terms, implecations, guidelines for project operators, staff development, and replication activities. Outlined in a section on the analysis of project objectives are the assessment tools and intervention techniques utilized, and measured outcomes regarding target behaviors. The bulk of the document consists of appendixes which include a summary of dissemination activities, sample workshop evaluation forms, and non-commercial materials used in workshops. Also appended is an evaluation report on program… [PDF]

(2005). ERCMExpress. Volume 1, Issue 1. US Department of Education This is the inaugural issue of the Emergency Response and Crisis Management (ERCM) Technical Assistance Center's \ERCMExpress,\ and it focuses on the new technical assistance center. The center will support 243 grantees funded under the Emergency Response and Crisis Management program in managing and implementing their projects, and in sustaining their efforts over time. The center also will help nongrantee local education agencies (LEAs) improve and strengthen crisis management plans. The center's work will focus on: (1) Developing training materials, newsletters, and other resources; (2) Conducting workshops and presentations to help grantees and other LEAs develop and implement emergency management and response action plans appropriate to the specific circumstances in their district; (3) Providing technical assistance; (4) Identifying and providing active referral links to resources and organizations that can be helpful to grantees; (5) Developing and maintaining a listserv for… [PDF]

Beaulieu, Lionel J. (2002). Creating Vibrant Communities & Economies in Rural America. Although the economic expansion of the 1990s was felt even in small towns and rural areas, events in recent months point out that the economic health of rural America remains fragile. Rural manufacturing has suffered sizable employment declines in recent months and only modest expansion has occurred in the service sector–the lifeblood of rural job growth over the past decade. Wages in both sectors for the remaining jobs are less than in urban areas. Four strategies for strengthening the viability of rural America are offered. Community human capital resources can be enhanced by helping parents foster a home environment in which educational aspirations are developed, creating positive teacher-student and teacher-parent relationships in schools, and building youth-supportive communities that give youth a voice in community decisions and opportunities to experience positive role models outside of school. Entrepreneurial activities in communities can be spurred by providing access to… [PDF]

Hones, Kay Ellen (1997). "Not Extinct!" School Libraries for Learning and Leadership. California is ranked 50 out of 50 states for providing school library services, with a ratio of student to public school media specialist of 6,361 to 1. The second worst state is Rhode Island, which has a ratio of 1,941 to 1. California's school libraries are declining at a time when technological developments and research in academic achievement have underscored their critical importance. Library Media Center (LMC) 2000 was a project of the San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD), intended to establish school libraries as a critical factor in academic success and the hub of learning at a school. LMC 2000 Project strategies included providing professional development to participating SFUSD school librarians, improving the link between school libraries and San Francisco public libraries, and increasing and enhancing the use of technology in school libraries. The Project placed strong emphasis on information technology's increasing role in libraries and the critical services it… [PDF]

Gitta, Cosmas, Ed. (2002). Cooperation South, 2002. Cooperation South, . The current international debate over patient rights to essential drugs versus intellectual property rights is inescapable. Across fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronics, and biotechnology, southern hemisphere countries appear to be finding it increasingly difficult to afford and benefit from technologies and ideas produced by big multinational companies. This 2002 issue of "Cooperation South" articulates broad suggestions on how to reform existing rules about the intellectual property system. The theme of this issue is: Creativity, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights. There are 12 articles in the issue: (1) "'Road Map' for Intellectual Property Rights"; (2) "Balancing Health Needs and Drug Research Incentives" (Hannah E. Kettler; Chris Collins); (3) "Pricing Medicines to Benefit Poor Countries" (Jagdish Bhagwati); (4) "Capacity Building for Management of IPR" (Mart Leesti; Tom Pengelly); (5) "In the News: Current… [PDF]

Carpluk, Ac'arralek Lolly Sheppard (2002). Who Is This Child Named WIPCE?. Sharing Our Pathways, v7 n4 p1-5 Sep-Oct. The World Indigenous Peoples Conference on Education (WIPCE) has been held every 3 years since 1987. The conference brings together indigenous peoples from around the world to share their similar struggles to improve indigenous education. The first five conferences were held in British Columbia, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, and New Mexico. In August 2002, the sixth conference drew 2,500 people to the Nakoda Nation Reserve near Morley, Alberta, Canada. The conference aimed to celebrate the sharing of indigenous-based initiatives by featuring holistic educational efforts to maintain and perpetuate indigenous ways of knowing and promote the positive development of indigenous communities. The cultures and traditions of the indigenous nations present were honored through ceremonies, evening cultural exchanges and performances, and incorporation of the teachings and experiences of Elders in various workshops and activities. As indigenous peoples strive to gain greater autonomy in their… [PDF]

Gardner, Charles; Garner, Cathy (2005). Technology Licensing to Non-Traditional Partners: Non-Profit Health Product Development Organizations for Better Global Health. Industry and Higher Education, v19 n3 p241-247 Jun. The commercialization of technologies arising from university research depends on the ability of technology managers to find and contract with appropriate development partners. Substantial investment is required to bring new health-science technologies to market, and when such technologies appear to have limited commercial markets it can be difficult for technology managers to find any licensee willing to invest research and development dollars. Developments in the area of neglected diseases may open up new opportunities for licensing. Over the past decade, The Rockefeller Foundation and other donors have provided social venture capital to launch a number of non- profit \companies\ that have collectively raised more than $1 billion from philanthropic and government donors to support product development. These public?private partnerships (PPPs) support the development of drugs, vaccines and diagnostics to address diseases that predominantly afflict the poor, such as HIV/AIDS,… [Direct]

BEAL, WANDA (1961). COLORADO ACCEPTS THE CHALLENGE. THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN AREA PROJECT FOR SMALL HIGH SCHOOLS, A REPORT TO CITIZENS. THE PROBLEMS OF RURAL SCHOOLS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY–AN INABILITY TO HIRE ENOUGH WELL-PREPARED, VERSATILE, AND RESOURCEFUL TEACHERS AND TO RETAIN THEM OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS TO ASSURE PROGRAM CONTINUITY, INADEQUATE CURRICULUM OFFERINGS AND EQUIPPED CLASSROOM SPACE, DECREASING ENROLLMENT, LACK OF RECOGNITION AND ENCOURAGEMENT TO TEACHERS ALREADY ON THE JOB, AND LOGISTIC PROBLEMS OF TIME, NUMBERS, AND SPACE. SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS INVOLVE–THE REORGANIZATION OF SCHOOL DISTRICT LINES AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS WHERE REASONABLE, THUS REDUCING NEEDLESS DUPLICATION OF BUILDINGS, TEACHERS AND MATERIALS, THE SHARING OF SERVICES AMONG SEVERAL SCHOOLS WHICH ONE SCHOOL CANNOT BY ITSELF AFFORD OR JUSTIFY, AND A MODIFICATION OF INSTRUCTION METHODS, ENABLING THE TEACHER TO MAKE A MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF TIME. IT WAS FOUND THAT MULTICLASSES ENRICH THE CURRICULUM OF SMALL SCHOOLS, AND THAT SCHEDULING LONGER PERIODS PROVIDES ADDITIONAL HELP TO SLOW STUDENTS AND MORE CHALLENGING ASSIGNMENTS TO…

Cleland, Charles L. (1990). An Index of Social Connectedness for Non-Metro Counties in Six Southern States. Networking communities and school districts is crucial for effectively sharing resources and delivering services in rural areas. The study of the organization of southern non-metropolitan counties for the delivery of services is part of a regional project called "Analysis of Structural and Organizational Change in Rural Counties of the South" or S-209. An important phase of the S-209 project was to study selected counties to determine the extent to which the local rural residents were tied into the complex system of organizations and associations designed to assist with problems related to efforts to bring about desired change. A connectedness index was developed to reflect the quality of living in non-metropolitan counties in 6 states without the usual expensive and time consuming personal interviews. Connectedness means having ties to people in positions of responsibility over resources needed to conduct one's activities most effectively for the benefit of self, family,…

Bryant, Barbara Everitt (1977). American Women Today & Tomorrow. This study finds that the women's movement has had a significant impact in expanding the outlook and changing the attitudes of American women. According to this representative survey of 1,552 women, American women perceive their roles as either traditional, balancing, or expanding. The traditional outlook, generally shared by women over 50, views homemaking as woman's primary role. The expanding outlook favors more options and flexible lifestyles. This outlook, held by women under 35, regards women on an equal basis with men, not only in employment, but also in the sharing of household responsibilities, alimony, child support and custody. In the middle of the spectrum are those women who share a balancing outlook, combining the views of the traditional and the expanding. These women are generally in their 40's or of Black or Spanish-American heritage. The survey reveals that (1) most women are still employed in low-level or female-dominated fields, (2) a gap remains between salaries… [PDF]

Fanning, Elizabeth S.; Scheer, Stephanie B. (2006). A Strategy for Building Community and Knowledge Management. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, v9 n3 Fall. The University of Virginia's School of Continuing and Professional Studies (SCPS), serves a broad, ethnically diverse and talented community of over 15,000 adult students each year. The SCPS mission is to facilitate lifetime learning by providing educational opportunities of the highest quality so that learners can achieve their personal and professional goals. In 2005, the school transitioned from offering online courses through multiple Learning Management System (LMS) platforms, externally administered, to a single platform, the Blackboard LMS, internally administered within the School. As a result, several key components needed to be addressed to ensure a successful transition from multiple to a single, internally administrated Blackboard LMS, including how to provide faculty and students access to appropriate training and support resources, as well as how to foster a sense of community. To determine how to most effectively create and maintain quality support and training as well… [Direct]

Davis, Tamara E. (2006). Looking Forward by Going Back: A School Counselor Educator's Return to School Counseling. Professional School Counseling, v10 n2 p217-223 Dec. As school counselors and counselors educators, it is imperative to remain knowledgeable of trends and changes in school counseling. While school counselors experience the daily events and relationships in a school setting, school counselor educators stay informed about trends or changes in school counseling by reading relevant scholarly literature, attending professional conferences and workshops, and supervising school counselors-in-training in their field experiences in schools. However, counselor educators cannot truly emulate the experience of being a practicing school counselor, despite interaction with or supervision of graduate school counseling students in the field. In this article, the author reports the findings of a study she conducted to examine the changes in the field of school counseling over the years. The school in this study is an elementary school in suburban Northern Virginia with a total enrollment of 574 students in the 2003-2004 school year. An analysis of the… [Direct]