Williamson, Ronald (2012). Social Media for School Communication. Research into Practice. Education Partnerships, Inc. It's easy to dismiss social media as a fascination of young people but to do so minimizes one of the fastest growing trends in technology. The Pew Internet and American Life Project recently found that over 71% of teens have a Facebook profile and 75% of adults have one too. Social media tools have become the way for a school or business to quickly and efficiently disseminate information. Because of the almost universal access to social media across all demographic groups it often reaches people that traditional forms of communication miss. The online presence for many schools has moved beyond the school website. It now includes a Facebook page, a Twitter account, blogs by teachers, principals or the superintendent, and YouTube and Flickr for sharing videos and photos about school events. There are seven reasons to pay attention to social media: (1) It Builds Relationships; (2) It's About Customers; (3) They're Already Talking; (4) Listen as Well as Share; (5) You'll Be Well… [PDF]

Bacharach, Nancy; Heck, Teresa Washut (2012). Voices from the Field: Multiple Perspectives on a Co-Teaching in Student Teaching Model. Educational Renaissance, v1 n1 p49-62 Aug. The goal of this project is to reform teacher preparation through the implementation of a research-based model of co-teaching in student teaching at teacher preparation institutions across the country. Four years of research conducted on a co-teaching model of student teaching has demonstrated a statistically significant increase in academic performance for elementary learners in co-taught classrooms. Co-teaching is designed to assist both the cooperating teacher and teacher candidate in collaboratively planning, organizing, delivering, assessing, and sharing the physical space of the classroom, allowing the classroom teacher to partner with the teacher candidate rather than give away responsibility. The Renaissance Group (TRG), a national consortium of teacher preparation institutions, proposed to take the co-teaching model initially developed at Saint Cloud State University and provide the training and support necessary for teacher preparation institutions across the nation to… [PDF]

Cobbs, Joyce Bernice (2014). Preparing and Supporting Black Students to Enroll and Achieve in Advanced Mathematics Classes in Middle School: A Case Study. ProQuest LLC, Ed.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The literature on minority student achievement indicates that Black students are underrepresented in advanced mathematics courses. Advanced mathematics courses offer students the opportunity to engage with challenging curricula, experience rigorous instruction, and interact with quality teachers. The middle school years are particularly significant for mathematics education since the courses students pursue during those years affect later access to rigorous mathematics coursework at the high school level as well as college and career readiness. This case study examined factors that affected Black student achievement in advanced mathematics classes at one middle school. Data included interviews of school personnel, on-site observations, and school-related document analysis. Six major themes that affected student achievement in advanced mathematics classes emerged from the data: (a) mathematics placement innovations, (b) cultural shift towards increased rigor, (c) culture of high… [Direct]

Dehinbo, Johnson; Odunaike, Solomon (2010). The Need, Use, and Best Practices for the Implementation of Learning Management Systems in Organizations and Higher Education Institutions. Information Systems Education Journal, v8 n59 Jul. The shortage of skills in the academic sector is a reality. This has led to the excessive work overload for the few academic staff available, leaving them less time to pursue further training and develop their carrier. Furthermore, the excessive work overload means academic staff have less time to learn and use educational technologies that could assist teaching, learning and knowledge sharing, and to seek best practices for the implementation of such educational technologies. Efforts towards alleviating skills shortage and encouraging knowledge sharing as well as the need for e-learning and Learning Management systems can not be over-emphasized. This realization prompts the need for this study and subsequent detailed report for higher education institutions to adopt and use Learning Management Systems while implementing best practices for such systems. The benefits of Learning Management Systems are highlighted, the various Learning Management Systems available and the comparison… [PDF]

Castles, Anne; Coltheart, Max; Palethorpe, Sallyanne; Pritchard, Stephen C. (2012). Nonword Reading: Comparing Dual-Route Cascaded and Connectionist Dual-Process Models with Human Data. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, v38 n5 p1268-1288 Oct. Two prominent dual-route computational models of reading aloud are the dual-route cascaded (DRC) model, and the connectionist dual-process plus (CDP+) model. While sharing similarly designed lexical routes, the two models differ greatly in their respective nonlexical route architecture, such that they often differ on nonword pronunciation. Neither model has been appropriately tested for nonword reading pronunciation accuracy to date. We argue that empirical data on the nonword reading pronunciation of people is the ideal benchmark for testing. Data were gathered from 45 Australian-English-speaking psychology undergraduates reading aloud 412 nonwords. To provide contrast between the models, the nonwords were chosen specifically because DRC and CDP+ disagree on their pronunciation. Both models failed to accurately match the experiment data, and both have deficiencies in nonword reading performance. However, the CDP+ model performed significantly worse than the DRC model. CDP++, the… [Direct]

Barton, David (2012). Participation, Deliberate Learning and Discourses of Learning Online. Language and Education, v26 n2 p139-150. This paper uses a study of the photo-sharing website Flickr to examine new online spaces for writing. On this site, people write titles and descriptions for their photos, they annotate their photos with semantic tags, they provide profiles of themselves and they comment on other people's photos. In these activities, people are engaging in new forms of writing and are extending their vernacular practices into new areas. This paper reports on a study which has analysed more than 100 Flickr sites and carried out interviews with 20 multilingual users of Flickr about their online practices. The paper investigates how people learn to participate in these new vernacular writing practices and contributes to theories of situated learning by developing them to take account of learning in online spaces. It focuses in particular on the ways in which Web 2.0 sites provide new spaces for learning and how people undertake deliberate projects of learning. The paper examines the ways in which people… [Direct]

Ryan, Dana Marie (2013). Teaching, Communication, and Book Choice Processes. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin – Madison. Allowing students to select their own books for independent reading has been linked to increased reading engagement, heightened motivation to read, and greater independence and efficacy in reading. However, there has been little exploration of the processes surrounding book choice in elementary classrooms, particularly teaching practices that encourage or discourage students from selecting particular books and the issues of access and the impact of social relationships on students' selections in authentic classroom settings. This thesis presents a series of three connected articles examining issues of teaching, student access, and communication surrounding the independent book choices of students in a fifth grade class. This grounded analysis of interviews, observations, and artifacts obtained over the course of one school year examines three core categories of teaching and three categories of communication in order to develop recommendations drawn from students'… [Direct]

Herman, William E. (2011). Motivational Correlates of Academic Success in an Educational Psychology Course. Online Submission, Paper presented at the Annual Conference on the Teaching of Psychology (25th, Tarrytown, NY, Mar 25-26, 2011). The variables of class attendance and the institution-wide Early Alert Grading System were employed to predict academic success at the end of the semester. Classroom attendance was found to be statistically and significantly related to final average and accounted for 14-16% of the variance in academic performance. Class attendance was found to decline over the semester. The new system of Early Alerts that warned students earning the grade of 2.0 and below during the 6th week of the semester was found to only marginally improve the prediction of at-risk students. A public method of sharing Exam #1 to Exam #2 improvement with the entire class is also presented as a reinforcement tool that protects the name of individual students. The implications of such research on teaching for instructor and student decision making and institutional policy decisions are also discussed in the report. (Contains 3 tables.)… [PDF]

Abrahamson, Craig E. (2011). Methodologies for Motivating Student Learning through Personal Connections. Forum on Public Policy Online, v2011 n3. This paper focuses on the premise that within the instruction process of higher education, the classroom context needs to create an atmosphere of motivational learning that is founded in part on a relationship between the students and professor that is formatted on the concept of mutual sharing of personal experiences, values, beliefs, and obviously course content. This process needs to begin with the instructor getting to know each student, even in large classes with more than 100 students. Through these personal connections, the content can become personally meaningful for the students. Over the past 35 years I have continued to develop and refine guidelines to facilitate this process of creating a significant connection between myself and students, students within and between themselves for each course that I teach. This paper will illustrate these essential and specific techniques, and demonstrate methods in helping students to conceptualize course content within this methodology…. [PDF] [Direct]

Laman, Tasha Tropp (2011). The Functions of Talk within a 4th-Grade Writing Workshop: Insights into Understanding. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, v25 n2 p133-144. Over the past 30 years, writing workshops have been implemented in classrooms around the world. Students are being asked to write across multiple contexts and genres and to use digital technologies. At the same time, high-stakes writing tests are increasing even though the time teachers spend teaching writing is decreasing. This study examines academically tracked 4th-graders' first-time engagement with a writing workshop structure and the functions of students' talk within this curricular venue. During writing conferences, author celebrations, and author sharing, talk functioned as a tool for creating a shared learning space, developing meta-awareness of processes and practices, and building writing identities. These functions of talk have implications for the teaching of writing, in general, and for teaching writing in the intermediate grades, in particular, given that most states have a high-stakes writing test in 4th grade…. [Direct]

Marcucci, Pamela; Usher, Alex (2011). Tuition Fees and Student Financial Assistance: 2010 Global Year. New England Journal of Higher Education, Apr. Since the start of the global financial crisis a little over two years ago, many concerns have been raised on how it might affect funding to higher education and whether or not it might hasten moves toward greater cost sharing. While, globally, some steps have been taken in this direction, in most countries, hard decisions have yet to be taken on this issue. This article presents the results of the authors' inaugural annual survey of global trends, in tuition fees and student financial assistance, which examined the \G-40\ of higher education–that is, 40 countries that, combined, account for 90% of global university enrollments and 90 percent of global scientific research production. Though G-40 is obviously not an exhaustive list, comprehending the main lines of policy in these countries provides an essentially comprehensive global picture without the need to examine policy in all the world's 200-plus states…. [Direct]

Fisher, Kristi; Haufe, Theresa (2009). Developing Social Skills in Children Who Have Disabilities through the Use of Social Stories and Visual Supports. Online Submission The purpose of this action research project was to improve the social skills of eight preschool students and four first grade and second grade students through the use of Social Stories and visual supports to create a more positive learning environment. The teacher researchers wanted to increase the social skills of students who had been diagnosed with speech and language delays, learning disabilities, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This project was conducted from August 25, 2008 to November 14, 2008.The targeted students had difficulty sharing materials and toys with their peers, and taking turns in teacher-directed activities. The teacher researchers created and implemented two Social Stories with visual supports that addressed sharing and turn-taking. The teacher researchers spent 15 minutes daily on the targeted social skill. The teacher chose a different structured activity each day to work on the targeted skill to promote generalization… [PDF]

(2010). Specialist Schools and Academies Trust Annual Report, 2009-2010. Schools Network The Specialist Schools and Academies Trust (SSAT) is an independent, not-for-profit membership organisation dedicated to raising levels of achievement in education. SSAT has a membership of over 5,500 schools and growing numbers of affiliated universities, colleges and local authorities. This 2009/2010 Annual Report shows clearly the practical effect of a 'by schools, for schools' way of working on raising achievement, sharing teaching practice and resources between schools, and on system leadership. The report presents the activities of SSAT in 2009-2010. A glossary is included. [For "Specialist Schools and Academies Trust Annual Report, 2008-2009," see ED525595.]… [PDF]

Russell, Carol; Shepherd, John (2010). Online Role-Play Environments for Higher Education. British Journal of Educational Technology, v41 n6 p992-1002 Nov. As online environments and tools have evolved over the last 15-20 years, their use for role-based learning has expanded. This analysis draws on work for an Australian project that has been sharing and developing knowledge about the use of online role-plays in higher education. We describe the learning needs that online role-play can meet, and give examples of solutions–some using custom-built software and some using standard online learning environments. We use these examples to develop a framework for evaluating how new technologies can support role-based learning activities in universities, taking into account the needs of both learners and teachers…. [Direct]

Hix, Dan; Zheng, Yan (2015). Tuition and Fees at Virginia's State-Supported Colleges and Universities, 2015-16. State Council of Higher Education for Virginia Analysis of tuition and fees at public colleges and universities in Virginia must include a discussion of the funding received from the General Assembly. The period covered by this report represents a particularly complicated scenario that impacted not just higher education but all entities that receive general fund tax dollars in Virginia. The first goal of the Virginia Plan for Higher Education, the statewide strategic plan for higher education recently developed by the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV) and endorsed by the legislature, is to provide affordable higher-education access for all. The alignment of state appropriations, financial aid and tuition and fees will be critical to achieving this goal. This report focuses on tuition and fees for in-state undergraduates and provides a summary of the following four items: (1) board-approved tuition and fee increases for the 2015-16 academic year; (2) tuition and fee trends in Virginia over the past 25 years;… [PDF]

Melissa A. Kelley (2024). Preparing the Future Nutrition Professional: Exploring the Pedagogical Benefits of Active Learning. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota. The education and training of future food and nutrition professionals plays a vital role in preparation for managing complex food and nutrition problems. Within food systems, food???? and nutrition professionals provide nutrition education to individuals and families and work to ensure? ?access???? to nutritious and culturally significant foods. Food and nutrition professionals work collaboratively across a range of sectors and disciplines to advance the cause of healthy dietary practices. Their efforts are aimed at mitigating the prevalence of diet-related illnesses, addressing malnutrition concerns, combating the rising rates of overweight and obesity, and ensuring equitable access to food. Through interdisciplinary partnerships and the implementation of diverse strategies, they aim to develop sustainable solutions that contribute to the health and well-being of individuals and communities. However, current higher education students enrolled in ?the ?Didactic Program in Dietetics… [Direct]

Robertson, Sally (2011). MEANZ and NSTP Mentoring Pilot Programme Evaluation. Final Report. New Zealand Council for Educational Research The Museum Education Association of New Zealand (MEANZ) and the National Services Te Paerangi (NSTP) set up a pilot mentoring programme for museum educators in New Zealand. The overall goals for the programme were to: (1) facilitate professional relationships between museum educators who are in need of information and assistance and those who can offer knowledge and support; and (2) build the capacity of the museum education sector by capturing and sharing the exchange of knowledge and expertise that occurs between mentors and mentees. Three pairs of mentors/mentees took part in the pilot programme. The programme took place over six weeks (from mid-November until Christmas 2010). The programme was shorter than initially planned due to some unexpected delays. The evaluation was completed in January 2011. All participants felt they had learnt a lot from the mentoring programme. The participants were very complimentary about their mentors/mentees. They felt they had met their goals and… [Direct]

(2013). Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities 2013 Annual Report: The Champions of Hispanic Success in Higher Education. Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities For over a quarter of a century, the Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities (HACU) has advocated on behalf of Hispanic higher education in the U.S. and around the world. The mission of the association is to Champion Hispanic Success in Higher Education. HACU fulfills its mission by: promoting the development of member colleges and universities; improving access to and the quality of postsecondary educational opportunities for Hispanic students; and meeting the needs of business, industry and government through the development and sharing of resources, information and expertise. HACU is the only organization that represents existing and emerging Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs), which enroll more than 50 percent of all Hispanics in postsecondary education. HACU serves its membership through advocacy, conferences, partnerships and educational programs, and offers scholarships and internship opportunities for students. HACU, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) association representing… [PDF]

Bouchamma, Yamina; Michaud, Clemence (2011). Communities of Practice with Teaching Supervisors: A Discussion of Community Members' Experiences. Journal of Educational Change, v12 n4 p403-420 Nov. This paper presents the results of a study of interviews (N = 17) conducted with members of a community of practice (CP) comprised of school principals, vice principals, and department heads responsible for teacher supervision in their respective schools. This CP met once a month over the course of 2 years to work on adapting the New Brunswick Department of Education's Francophone Teacher Evaluation Program. Using Wenger's ("Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity." Cambridge University Press, New York, 1998) CP theoretical framework centered on four main concepts, namely meaning, practice, community, and identity, our study reveals that participants acquired knowledge by sharing their teacher supervision experiences. The participants learned new knowledge from others, enriched their supervision practices, and also gained indispensable practical skills with regard to the supervisory process. Furthermore, their fruitful discussions resulted in the creation of… [Direct]

Chloros, G.; Sampson, D. G.; Zervas, P. (2012). Supporting the Process of Developing and Managing LOM Application Profiles: The ASK-LOM-AP Tool. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, v5 n3 p238-250 3rd Qtr. A number of international initiatives, such as the Open Educational Resources initiative, have recognized the potential value of sharing and reusing digital resources among educational communities. As a result, organizing, offering, and accessing these resources over the web have been key issues for both the research and the educational community. Within this framework, a popular way for describing digital educational resources is the IEEE Learning Object Metadata (LOM) Standard. On the other hand, it has been also recognized that it is not possible for a generic standard such as IEEE LOM to fully meet the specific requirements and accommodate the particular needs of different educational communities. Therefore, the practice of generating Application Profiles (APs) of the IEEE LOM has emerged and a number of different APs have been developed worldwide. However, despite the widespread development of APs it seems that only a limited number of software tools exist, to support the… [Direct]

Bumgarner, Kami Burns (2012). The Common Core Standards: A Teacher Board Member's Perspective. State Education Standard, v12 n2 p43-44 Aug. As the teacher representative on the Mississippi Board of Education, the author often has the opportunity to hear about many educational programs and initiatives during their early stages of development. One particular initiative presented to the state board in 2010 was the Common Core State Standards. After reading and studying the standards, the author quickly realized that significant changes in education would be coming soon. In the two years that have passed since the Common Core inauguration, she has gained a deeper understanding of just how much those changes will affect her, her students, and her own children. In her role as a board member, the word "state" is significant because for the first time in the history of America's education system, a large majority of states are collaborating for the common good of the students. By sharing common standards, teachers from all over the country will be able to hold all students to the same high level of academic… [Direct]

Gallacher, Jim, Ed.; Parry, Gareth, Ed.; Scott, Peter, Ed. (2017). New Languages and Landscapes of Higher Education. Oxford University Press The landscapes of higher education have been changing rapidly, with enormous growths in participation rates in many countries across the world, and major developments and changes within institutions. But the languages that we need to conceptualise and understand these changes have not been keeping pace. The central argument in this book is that new ways of thinking about higher education, the new languages of its title, are needed to understand the role of universities and colleges in contemporary society and culture and the global economy, new landscapes. Over-reliance on existing conceptualisations of higher education, has made it difficult to understand fully the nature of 21st-century higher education. It may also have encouraged a view that there is no alternative to the development of more marketized forms of higher education. The analysis offered suggests that the future is much more open. It argues that familiar categories, normally accepted as givens, are actually more… [Direct]

Li, Fengjun (2010). Secure and Privacy-Preserving Distributed Information Brokering. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University. As enormous structured, semi-structured and unstructured data are collected and archived by organizations in many realms ranging from business to health networks to government agencies, the needs for efficient yet secure inter-organization information sharing naturally arise. Unlike early information sharing approaches that only involve a small number of databases, new information sharing applications are often assumed to be built atop a large volume of geographically distributed databases. Moreover, with increasing concerns on protecting the sensitive and/or proprietary data, the organizations prefer sharing data in a more secure and privacy-preserving manner, instead of establishing a purely full trust relationship and releasing the control over the shared data. In this dissertation, we explore new information sharing infrastructures to address the new challenges on "security," "privacy", and "scalability." We first explore access control deployment… [Direct]

Harrison, Patricia (2011). Learning Culture, Line Manager and HR Professional Practice. Journal of European Industrial Training, v35 n9 p914-928. Purpose: This paper aims to focus on the role of line management and learning culture in the development of professional practice for the human resource (HR) practitioner. Design/methodology/approach: Three-year longitudinal, matched-pair study involving five participants and their line managers. Findings: Two of the five participants experienced greater career growth and professional development, due to various factors; the roles of line management and learning culture. Research limitations/implications: Limitations are the nature of the research and small numbers in the study. This paper considers only two of the five categories that emerged and does not include the quantitative data findings. Practical implications: Greater attention needs to be given to informal learning processes and knowledge-sharing activities in organisations. Originality/value: Due to a number of constraints, the longitudinal method used in this research is rare. There are significant benefits to gathering… [Direct]

Dremuk, Richard (2012). Will We Be Admitting Foreign Students in 1975?. Journal of College Admission, n214 p4-11 Win. Over the past several years, the admissions officer has been confronted with a situation that does not fit into the scheme of his normal operations–namely, the admission of foreign students. Often, because it has not been in the order of things, he has delegated this \irksome\ problem to some \lowly\ assistant or to the interested professor who at one time volunteered to assist on the occasional application from abroad. These applications continue to come and will increase in number–perhaps beyond the present expectations. Many administrators and faculty members express affirmative interest in having foreign students simply to provide an international flavor or color to their campuses. In this paper, the author proposes that each college and university undertake a self-evaluation of its resources in order to determine if and how it can educate foreign students. The institution must also decide on the extent of its investment toward international exchange either alone or in… [PDF]

Collinson, Vivienne (2012). Leading by Learning, Learning by Leading. Professional Development in Education, v38 n2 p247-266. Data from a study of 81 exemplary secondary school teachers across the United States provide a portrait of how these teachers have become leaders whose influence and partnerships extend well beyond their classrooms and schools. Propelled by a deep personal desire to learn and a commitment to help students learn, the teachers are learners first, leaders second: their leadership occurs as a by-product of their learning. As teachers, they become pedagogical innovators in their quest to learn what helps students learn. They develop deep knowledge of students, curricula and pedagogy, in part by changing grade levels and schools, observing and learning from students, and consulting with parents. They seek specific professional development, internal and external colleagues and partnerships, professional organisations, and opportunities to team teach and observe peers. As they learn, they refine who they are as a person. Over time, the teachers find, accept or create ways to help colleagues… [Direct]

Duffy, Roslyn Ann; Wong, Lily (2010). Compassion: Practical Classroom Activities. Exchange: The Early Childhood Leaders' Magazine Since 1978, n193 p56-60 May-Jun. Compassion is a deep feeling of sharing the suffering of another. It is a mixture of words, thoughts, and actions that allow a child to be sympathetic to the needs of others. Young children today witness many conflicting values. Values promoted in the media and popular culture often glorify disrespect and unkindness, with beauty and possessions emphasized over actions and service to others. This article identifies behaviors that instill compassion in its many facets. Each activity corresponds to one of the letters spelling out COMPASSION. The authors present sample strategies that can help parents and teachers develop children's capacity for compassion and help them to become adults who can lead happy, healthy, and compassionate lives…. [Direct]

Maltese, Denise; Naughter, Kate (2010). Taking Down Walls: An International Wiki Creates a Community of Thinkers. Voices from the Middle, v18 n1 p17-25 Sep. This article explores collaboration between a rural school in upstate New York and an international school in Amman, Jordan. The authors describe how they provided their students with real audiences for their writing, and, over time, built an international community of writers. Classroom walls were blurred as the authors "team-taught" one another's students, planned writing lessons, and provided support to each other for this project. By tracing students' writing throughout the school year, the authors show how students' interest in each other developed and therefore led to international understanding. Key points include: providing real audiences for student writing; collaborating using a Wikispace; sharing points of view internationally; and developing a community of writers…. [Direct]

Yuan, Dayu (2013). Mining and Indexing Graph Databases. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University. Graphs are widely used to model structures and relationships of objects in various scientific and commercial fields. Chemical molecules, proteins, malware system-call dependencies and three-dimensional mechanical parts are all modeled as graphs. In this dissertation, we propose to mine and index those graph data to enable fast and scalable search. There are two common search scenarios: subgraph search and supergraph search. In a subgraph search, given a query graph q, the algorithm searches for all graphs that have q as a subgraph, from a graph database. A supergraph search, on the other hand, retrieves all the database graphs that have q as a supergraph. Determining whether a graph is a subgraph (or supergraph) of another is an NP-complete problem. Hence, it is challenging to efficiently process graph queries on large databases. Graph indices are commonly built to fast process graph queries. Subgraph patterns are mined from the graph database to build such graph indices. It has been… [Direct]

Gilleskie, Donna B.; Norton, Edward C.; Yang, Zhou (2009). Health Insurance, Medical Care, and Health Outcomes: A Model of Elderly Health Dynamics. Journal of Human Resources, v44 n1 p47-114 Win. Prescription drug coverage creates a change in medical care consumption, beyond standard moral hazard, arising both from the differential cost-sharing and the relative effectiveness of different types of care. We model the dynamic supplemental health insurance decisions of Medicare beneficiaries, their medical care demand, and subsequent health outcomes over time. Using parameter estimates obtained with longitudinal individual-level data, we simulate behavior under different drug coverage scenarios. Prescription drug coverage increases drug expenditures by 7 percent to 27 percent over a five-year period. While mortality rates fall slightly, the survivors have poorer health, leading to higher total medical expenditures. (Contains 21 tables, 4 figures and 19 footnotes.)… [Direct]