DELLA-PIANA, GABRIEL; And Others (1964). INSTRUCTIONAL HANDBOOK FOR EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGISTS. UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF R. STEWART JONES, ALONG WITH THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF DIVISION 15 OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, A COMMITTEE WAS ESTABLISHED TO STUDY THE IMPROVEMENT OF TEACHING EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY. THE COMMITTEE SAW A USEFUL PURPOSE IN A HANDBOOK THAT WOULD SUMMARIZE RESOURCE MATERIALS AND THE CREATIVE METHODS AND MATERIALS BEING USED IN THIS COURSE IN VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS. A SYSTEMATIC MEANS OF SHARING THE BEST EXERCISES, RESOURCES, AND METHODS THAT EACH INSTITUTION HAD DEVELOPED WAS THE MAJOR PURPOSE OF THIS EFFORT. MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE THROUGH PERSONAL LETTERS TO EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGISTS AT OVER 100 UNIVERSITIES AND THROUGH AN APPEAL IN THE DIVISION 15 NEWSLETTER SOLICITED MATERIALS AND IDEAS. THE RESULT WAS AN INSTRUCTIONAL HANDBOOK FOR EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGISTS. IT IS ORGANIZED IN TWO PARTS. PART ONE PRESENTS RESOURCE MATERIALS FOR THE TEACHER OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (SUCH AS REFERENCE AND TEACHING MATERIALS, REVIEWS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH,…

Shaw, Ira W. (1980). Negotiation in the Face of Declining Enrollment. As a result of declining enrollment and unionization of teachers, administrators are losing their roles as educational leaders. They must be innovative in order to reassert their prerogatives over decisions on such issues as class size, transfer limitations, and the selection of new employees and to promote a better educational climate in the midst of shrinking resources. Administrators may need to redesignate course length and content in terms of better teacher utilization, redesign leave of absence and early retirement policies, and bargain for hiring practices that allow for a part-time or adjunct staff. Interdistrict sharing of teachers and staggered work hours (prime-time staffing) could help in eliminating nonproductive time. Perhaps principals should be instituted as members of the district management negotiating team in order to utilize their intimate knowledge of working conditions. Other ways to cut expenses include the introduction of past practices not specifically…

Marland, S. P., Jr. (1971). A Year Ago This Week. The implications for American education today in reforms initiated at the Federal level in finance, research, curriculum, accountability, and administration were discussed by the U. S. Commissioner of Education. The financial reforms focus on revenue sharing. In the research area, Commissioner Marland discusses the proposed National Institute of Education (NIE), and the changes being made in the Office of Education so as to provide resources for programs for the disadvantaged. The major components of the higher education bill are, as stated by Commissioner Marland, expanded student aid, institutional aid, the National Foundation for Higher Education, and the National Institute of Education. Career education as proposed by the Office of Education is seen as the means of supplying young people, especially those in inner cities and rural depressed areas, with knowledge about the world of work and with control over their own lives. Commissioner Marland states that the year that had… [PDF]

Edelman, Marian Wright (1992). The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My Children and Yours. This book provides a brief account of the life and work of the founder of the Children's Defense Fund, in the form of a letter to her 3 sons and 25 lessons to live by. It discusses her childhood in segregated South Carolina in the 1940s and 1950s, the influence of her parents on her outlook, and her concept of service to others as the purpose of life. The book also discusses racial tensions in the United States and the role of parents in raising their children. The 25 lessons for life focus on such topics as: working for everything you get, setting goals, individual initiative, taking risks, taking parenting seriously, men sharing family and household responsibilities, family responsibility, honesty, fellowship, substance over style, perseverance, making a difference, life-long learning, respect for hard work, choosing friends carefully, living in the present, service to community and nation, remembering one's roots, reliability, and faith. The book concludes by discussing…

DeNicola, Alicia, Ed.; Rosenfeld, Anne, Ed. (1996). Dads and Their Daughters: Father-to-Father Strategies. The National Coalition of Girls' Schools is an organization of over 80 girls' boarding and day, private and public schools from across the United States with affiliates in Canada and Australia. Coalition members share a commitment to the values and advantages of an all-girls school. To that end, the organization has collected and conducted research on gender issues and developed a series of publications for girls, their parents, and educators. The essays in this booklet represent the voices of men who have chosen to share their personal experiences and willingly offer some simple yet powerful strategies that redefine what it means to be a father. Strategies are detailed in the following sections directed to fathers: (1) sharing your career with your daughter; (2) encouraging the leader in your daughter; (3) participating in athletics, which enhance father-daughter bonds; (4) being a role model and mentor; (5) building bonds between fathers and daughters; (6) reaching your daughter…

McEwan, Elaine K. (1997). Leading Your Team to Excellence: How To Make Quality Decisions. Site-based management is a concept whose time has come. This book was designed to introduce the concept of teaming, elaborate the decision-making process, and describe the skills and processes needed for a variety of decision-making situations. Chapter 1 introduces the concept of teaming and discusses the decision-making process in depth. Chapters 2 through 9 describe eight different types of team activities in which groups may engage over the course of their working life together. The second chapter discusses building and sharing values. The third chapter covers team building and offers a variety of activities designed to help a team build trust and teamwork. Activities to develop creativity and new ideas are described in chapter 4. Chapter 5 discusses ways in which groups can share critical information with one another and with the larger audiences they may be representing. Chapters 6 through 9 introduce strategies for problem solving, consensus building, conflict resolution, and…

(1986). Alternative Work Patterns. Facts on U.S. Working Women. Fact Sheet No. 86-3. Alternative work schedules can help parents of young children. They are also attractive to students, older workers, handicapped persons, couples desiring to share work and home responsibilities, persons wishing to upgrade skills or switch careers through a return to school, and employers needing to serve the public outside the traditional workday, wanting to use their capital more intensively, or hoping to benefit by reducing absenteeism. Flexitime is an alternative work-time pattern that allows employees to vary their arrival and/or departure times. Experimental approaches allow employees to vary work schedules over the year. A compressed work schedule is one that enables a full-time employee to work the equivalent of a full week in less than five full days. Job sharing refers to the accomplishment of one full-time job by two or more persons, each working part-time. The predominant alternative work schedule for women is part-time work. Temporary work allows flexibility in… [PDF]

Perrin, Robert (1985). The Anticipated Problems of Future Teachers of English. Prompted, in part, by a concern over the surprise and disillusionment many new teachers have expressed about the problems they encounter in the classroom, an instructor of an advanced writing class (required of all English majors and minors in the teaching curriculum) distributed to his students a five-page questionnaire/survey to see how they perceived their future roles. The questionnaire and the writing it produced served as a catalyst for discussion rather than as a quantitative end in itself. Specifically, it (1) highlighted important issues the students needed to think and talk about, (2) provided subjects for discussion, (3) gave the instructor a clearer sense of where his students thought they were heading and a sense of what they saw as their future teaching strengths and weaknesses, (4) indicated for students the kinds of problems they would be facing, and (5) gave the students a sense of assurance by knowing some of the problems that would lie ahead, by sharing ideas and… [PDF]

Bishop, John (1977). Vouchers for Creating Jobs, Education, and Training: VOCJET, An Employment-Oriented Strategy for Reducing Poverty. Special Report Series, 17. This paper presents a multi-pronged strategy for reducing poverty and unemployment by increasing the number of jobs for unskilled workers and raising their wages. The first component of this strategy is a marginal hours employment tax credit, similar to the recently enacted New Jobs Tax Credit. This would serve to generate an expansion in employment. The second component entails the distribution of vouchers for both training and employment. These vouchers would be given to hard-to-employ workers, such as veterans, the disabled, high school dropouts, ex-convicts and ex-addicts. They would, when turned over to the employer, result in the government sharing the initial year's wage costs with the employer. Families with children would be brought out of poverty by the third and fourth components of the author's proposed strategy. These are: the guarantee of an at least minimum wage job for every family's primary wage earner, and a family wage rate subsidy conditioned on family size that… [PDF]

Dougherty, Molly C. (1978). Becoming a Woman in Rural Black Culture. The way in which girls develop into women in a rural black community in north central Florida, Edge Crossing, is described. This community is analyzed in terms of how different spaces are used, the rhythm of social activities as ordered by time and space, the separation of sex roles, the rites of intensification (such as ball games and religious services), and encounters with economic and educational systems external to the core of community meaning and resource allocation. Kinship and family organizations over time are also discussed. The flexibility of the social system in this community, the sharing of maternal roles and child care among related women, and interpersonal relationships of children with one another and with adults is described. A detailed analysis of female adolescent maturation is provided focusing upon rites of passage, courtship, and childbirth. Adolescence in Edge Crossing is viewed as a rite of passage in which girls are separated from childhood attachments….

(1978). The BSLC Project Annual Report 1978. Highlights of a Basic Skills Learning Centers (BSLC) Project are presented at the end of two full years of the three-year program, which was designed to provide nonurban elementary schools in 20 western states with resources to help teach basic reading and mathematics skills. A description of the participating schools (489 schools in 145 districts) reports school size, family income, and ethnic and language diversity of pupils. Graphs and narrative text summarize the achievement of the 95,000 students who participated in over 4,000 BSLC programs during 1977-78. Two measures of progress–the BSLC Pupil Attainment Tests and the amount of BSLC instruction completed–show a substantial proportion of students halting or reversing their slide into remedial status. A section on information sharing describes support materials and data collection forms for participating schools, a project newsletter, and a film designed to give school and community groups an impression of BSLC in action in…

McGuigan, Dorothy G., Ed. (1980). Changing Family, Changing Workplace: New Research. CEW Research Series, Number 4. The studies in this volume highlight new research on the interaction of work and family and were presented at the 1978 conference, "Changing Family, Changing Workplace," held at the University of Michigan. The report on changes in the marriage role between 1957 and 1976 indicates that the family is still the core area of significance to the individual. At the same time, according to research on changes in sex-role attitudes of women, women's views of themselves have changed dramatically over the last two decades. The recent study of women who came to the University of Michigan between 1965 and 1973 concludes that women who have successfully moved into careers are happier with their lives than are women who have not. The profile of 1977 high school seniors reports the students' openness to sharing family and work responsibilities. The investigation of workplace stress shows that most such stress is moderated by a support system of family and friends. Overall, the volume…

Howard, Edward N. (1971). An Inquiry Into Leased Space for School Administrations in Public Library Buildings. Letters were sent to all state departments of education or public instruction soliciting information and comments concerning the sharing of a portion of the public library building with other agencies such as public school administrations. Twenty-two replies were received from nineteen states. Over 50% of the respondents were in favor of the proposal under the following conditions: (1) the library keeps ownership of the building, (2) space lease is for a specified period of time and is recoverable by the library if needed, (3) the building is designed as a public library facility, (4) the library's functions would not be hampered, (5) the venture would help defray capital outlay and provide space for future needs, (6) access to school space be separate from library entrances, (7) utility and maintenance costs by shared, (8) sufficient parking be provided, (9) telephone services by separate and (10) availability of federal funds be investigated. The strongest opposition among the… [PDF]

Balderston, F. E. (1972). Cost Analysis in Higher Education. Cost analysis is of interest for: its operating and management uses within each institution; its help in providing critical inputs for planning; making major changes in capacity, program structure, or institutional policies; its uses in obtaining comparisons between institutions which help in sharing insights about what targets to set for ourselves; and its valid basis in justifying to funding sources (public and private) what prices we charge for educational and institutional services. These different uses of cost analysis are discussed briefly. The author then discusses four important cost measurement issues: (1) what resources are being absorbed? (2) how does resources use vary with changes in the volume of activity? (3) is the pattern of resource use efficient? and (4) what is the trend over time? Illustrative examples of cost measures are included in the discussion, as are comments on the problems involved in attempting cost measurement. The paper concludes with a review of… [PDF]

Dial-Driver, Emily; Sesso, Frank (2000). Thinking Outside the (Classroom) Box: The Transition from Traditional to On-Line Learning Communities. The building of community generally means the creation of stronger, better realized writing; it is a strong argument for classes in which students learn and use all the writing tasks and principles, from pre-writing to authoring, and learn to trust each other enough to become vulnerable since sharing implies vulnerability. The question of how to build a community becomes key when faculty are faced with the demand to utilize technology, regardless of the reason for the demand. This paper gives an overview of how the Internet can be used by teachers and students and discusses online classes offered over the Internet, especially college/university composition classes. The paper outlines and describes some online composition classes offered at Rogers State University in Oklahoma. It provides extensive illustrations to help explain the system and to show the possibilities for creating an online writing community in which the teaching/learning community develops and interacts much as that… [PDF]

Kealy, William A.; Mullen, Carol A.; Whatley, April (1999). Co-Mentoring Support Groups in Higher Education. This paper presents a model for a co-mentoring support group among graduate students and faculty, using as a case study the development of a faculty-student support group in a college of education at a university. This support group began in 1995 and consisted of 11 participants who met formally for one year and have continued to meet informally since that time. Over time, the members created solidarity by describing personal research questions and preferred methodologies, and by sharing the impact of the changing direction of school leadership on their work. It is concluded that faculty-student support groups can provide a viable context for identifying salient mentoring themes, for envisioning them in constructive and holistic terms, and for experimenting with role playing as co-mentors. In addition, an expanded definition of mentoring can facilitate mentor identity development and deepen the capacity for human connection, and an understanding of broader socialization patterns can… [PDF]

Ramey, Kyle (2004). Relaxed Intensity. Principal Leadership, v4 n8 p28-31 Apr. Relaxed intensity refers to a professional philosophy, demeanor, and way of life. It is the key to being an effective educational leader. To be successful one must be relaxed, which means managing stress efficiently, having fun, and enjoying work. Intensity allows one to get the job done and accomplish certain tasks or goals. Educational leaders are often perceived as having a great deal of influence and power within their specific arena. The reality is that they only control the structure and culture within their school. The rest is what they inherit or are given through the district's policies and practices. Maintaining a relaxed intensity means focusing on those things over which one has direct influence and sharing authority and accountability with staff members. At Kettering Middle School, educational leaders focus on the three areas that they have direct influence on: their time, their working and learning environment, and their staff members. This article describes how a… [Direct]

Hall, Gary (2004). Digitize This: The Cultural Studies e-Archive Project. Review of Education, Pedagogy & Cultural Studies, v26 n1 p23-46 Jan. Napster, a program for sharing MP3 files, has transformed the way music files are shared over the Internet. In its heyday, anyone looking for free music just had to search Napster's database for the artists or songs they wanted and download them for free. Because of its operations, Napster was successfully sued for violation of copyright and has long since been forced to remove all copyrighted files from its database. In academia, there are already a number of similar sites that offer free scholarly journals. In this article, the author examines whether it would be possible for an academic equivalent to Napster that deals with written texts as opposed to music files to exist. He then discusses the fact that copyright does not seem to be a problem when it comes to e-print archiving, as authors are submitting pre-print versions of their work. The author discusses the consequences of this system for the way in which scholarly research is conceived, acquired, communicated, exchanged,… [Direct]

Shortland, Sue (2004). Peer Observation: A Tool for Staff Development or Compliance?. Journal of Further and Higher Education, v28 n2 p219-228 May. Peer observation has become a feature of university practice over the last decade, the primary impetus for its introduction being the political drive to raise teaching quality via the development and sharing of 'good practice'. Peer observation within higher education (HE) involves observing colleagues in the classroom and has the further aim of supporting continuing professional development (CPD) through peer learning. This article is based upon a research study of a typical observation scheme as introduced within a new university prior to a quality review. It is underpinned by the deconstruction of the university's observation documentation and focuses upon the experience of a teaching observation trio taking part in this formal peer observation process over a 2-year period, before and after a Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) subject review. The deconstruction of the university's documentation, combined with the actual experience of the observation trio studied, reveals issues of… [Direct]

(1995). Long Range Plan for Library Services in Wisconsin. 1994-1999. Bulletin No. 95122. The purpose of this long-range plan is to describe the status of library development in Wisconsin, the needs and problems of libraries, and the possible ways of meeting these needs over the next 5 years. The plan reflects reports submitted to the Division for Libraries and Community Learning staff, surveys, consultations with librarians and trustees, and various statewide planning efforts and studies involving librarians throughout the state. The primary focus is on statewide and state-level library activities, division statutory requirements and services, and federal Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) priorities. The plan is intended to provide frameworks for both division and statewide planning activities, and local library and system planning efforts. The Division's organizational structure and mission statement, publications, 1993-94 highlights, goals for library service, LSCA policies and 1994-95 LSCA activities are provided. The five Wisconsin library service goals… [PDF]

(1993). Reinventing the Federal Student Loan Program. A Proposal To Ensure the Stability of the Federal Student Loan Program, Improve Service to Students and Save Taxpayers Money. This report proposes reform recommendations in the Federal Student Loan Program that are intended to reduce government (and taxpayer) costs, allow for the incorporation of the National Service Initiative, and provide more flexible repayment terms for borrowers. The proposal provides for an evaluation period for direct government lending, the adoption of broad student loan program simplification, and the reform of student loan delivery and financing systems providing a budget savings to the government of more than $4.7 billion over 5 years. Other aspects of the proposal include: (1) immediate implementation of the National Service Initiative at the local, state, and regional levels using the existing student loan administrative structure; (2) immediate access to a variety of student loan repayment options to all student borrowers, including income contingent repayment and traditional repayment and community service forgiveness; (3) the creation of a single, national federal student… [PDF]

Stout, Connie (1992). TENET: Texas Education Network. The Texas Education Agency sought to create an enhanced electronic communications network (TENET) capable of transmitting information among and between the members of the public education system in Texas. They contracted with the Texas Higher Education Network (THEnet), an existing distributed network which is an NSF (National Science Foundation) regional network and connected to other networks worldwide through the Internet. THEnet includes online library catalogs, educational computer archives, public databases, and instructional hypermedia libraries, and provides a link for public education with higher education. Basic components of TENET include: electronic mail, an electronic bulletin board, electronic conferencing, electronic databases, workstation communication software, Telnet (a capability which permits resource sharing between networks), and remote file transfer. Forty educators became Master Trainers in the areas of use of the network, conference moderation, and… [PDF]

(1988). Agreement between Redwoods Community College District and College of the Redwoods Faculty Organization, September 1, 1988 through August 31, 1991. The collective bargaining agreement between the Redwoods Community College District Board of Trustees and the College of the Redwoods Faculty Organization, for the period from September, 1988 through August, 1991, is presented. First, a three-page administrative recommendation concerning the compensable teaching load for faculty members conducting independent study programs is provided. Then, the contract is presented, covering the following topics: bargaining agent recognition; wages and working conditions, including provisions related to instruction time, minimum class size, district policies, discrimination, teaching load units, faculty with underloads, full- and part-time salaries, and compensation for faculty work experience coordination and teacher coordination; leaves; staff insurance program; early retirement benefits; reduced workload program for staff aged 55 and over; reduced workload for staff under 55 years of age; tax sheltered annuity program; grievance procedures;…

Baldridge, J. Victor; Kemerer, Frank R. (1976). The Impact of Faculty Collective Bargaining on Campus Administrators. Faculty unions have achieved a prominent place in American higher education. This study attempts to focus on the consequences arising from collective bargaining in higher education. The Stanford Project on Academic Governance was begun in 1971 as an effort to study the impact of collective bargaining on governance and decisionmaking in higher education. The two phases of the project studied 240 institutions regarding general academic governance and over 300 institutions regarding collective bargaining in particular. In addition, seven intensive case studies were conducted in institutions that were quite diverse in their characteristics and experiences. The findings of this study are examined as they relate to administrators. The discussion is in two parts: looking at the effect collective bargaining has on components within administrative ranks; and assessing the way management processes change when collective bargaining occurs. Specific areas discussed are the shifting power… [PDF]

Frank, Robert (1981). Instructional Planning. Final Report. ISSOE Managing Student Progress. The Instructional Support System for Occupational Education (ISSOE) Instructional Planning Project was intended to develop procedures for identifying successful instructional materials, suitable for teaching specific ISSOE competencies. A form was developed for use by teachers in reporting materials they were using in their classes with success. Two workshops were held at which teachers were trained to evaluate instructional materials using the form developed. Resources guides were also compiled that contained pertinent information on teacher-identified curriculum products, teaching strategy, and existing evidence of successful alternative applications. A retrieval system was then developed for use in accessing basic academic skill and technical skill materials for vocational education. Articulation with related ISSOE projects centered around sharing of project staff, integration of activities with field test and dissemination activities, and coordination of presentations regarding…

Bevis, Dianne; And Others (1977). Skills Screener: Guide to Administration and Scoring. Developed by the SCAT (Support Competence-Assistance and Training) Project staff, the three documents provide information on the SCAT screener (a series of subtests for identifying high-priority or potentially handicapped students), the initial assessment phase of systematic instruction, and probes for reading and math which are designed to be used as part of the initial assessment procedures. The first document covers background and development, teacher preparation, administration, scoring, and using results of the SCAT screener. (The bulk of this document is comprised of copies of the reading and mathematics skills screening subtests.) The second document covers the five steps involved in initial assessment: group screening in the regular classroom, using screening information to identify potentially handicapped students, 5-day skill probing of high priority students, evaluating assessment information, and reporting and sharing information. Appendixes to this document include…

Bachman, Jerald G.; Johnston, Lloyd D.; O'Malley, Patrick M.; Schulenberg, John E. (2001). The Aims and Objectives of the Monitoring the Future Study and Progress toward Fulfilling Them as of 2001. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 52. Monitoring the Future is an ongoing program of research intended to assess the changing lifestyles, values, and preferences of American youth. This publication, from the occasional paper series, describes a study that monitors drug use and potential explanatory factors among American secondary school students, college students, and young adults. The study aims to monitor drug use and related factors in order to provide social indicators of historical change, to distinguish the three types of change (age, period, cohort), and to analyze results at both individual and aggregate levels. Eleven specific objectives of the study are described and each is explained, including its logic and rationale, relevant theory, literature cited, and progress. Objectives 1 through 3 concern drug use and potential explanatory factors; Objective 4 distinguishes which kinds of change are occurring for various types of drug use; Objectives 5 through 9 study the causes, consequences, and developmental… [PDF]

Amey, Marilyn J. (2005). Leadership as Learning: Conceptualizing the Process. Community College Journal of Research & Practice, v29 n9-10 p689-704 Oct-Nov. Community college leaders face new and diverse challenges, often requiring different orientations to leadership than were effective previously. Yet, focusing on leadership as a series of career stages through which particular skills and techniques are learned often leaves leaders without the capacity to do the adaptive work required of their changing organizations. Conceptualizing leadership as an on-going process of learning relinquishes the need for a specific career orientation, and focuses on developing and sharing leadership throughout the college. Taking this approach uncovers mental models that affect how administrators see the world and, therefore, act within any environment. It shifts the goal of leadership preparation to understanding the concepts (and processes) of transforming organizational reality, challenging organizational status quo, and of deep change. It also ties leadership more directly to creating learning environments for leaders and others, which is important… [Direct]

Curlee, Faye S. (1992). Professional Periodicals Read by Elementary School Library Media Specialists. The purpose of this study was to determine what professional periodicals and their contents were being read by elementary school library media specialists. The relationship of professional status to the number of professional periodicals read was also examined. Of 140 school library media specialists surveyed, 111 responded to the questionnaire. It was found that \School Library Journal,\\Media & Methods,\\Instructor,\ and \Mailbox (Primary)\ were read (either cover to cover, in specific sections, or browsed) by over 57% of respondents. More than 70% of the respondents have never read seven of the nine professional technology-related periodicals listed on the questionnaire. Reviews and the table of contents were sections of journals read by over 90% of the respondents while job classifications were read by only 40.5%. Using analysis of variance, no significance was found between the number of professional periodicals read and professional status. It is concluded that periodicals… [PDF]

Brazziel, William F. (1981). College/Corporate Partnerships: Studies in Cooperative Efforts in Education and Staff Development. Data and case studies from research on 116 colleges and universities involved in efforts to develop programs to meet corporate needs for personnel and personnel development are reported. The sample was nominated by a national panel and is regarded as exemplary in efforts at corporate/college partnerships. Responses of presidents and profiles of institutional efforts are included. It is found that studying labor market needs and fashioning programs to fit students into the market after graduation can be important elements of successful programs. Expansion of on- and off-campus business and technical programs plus a reorganization of course requirement structure was necessary in some programs. Cooperative efforts among corporations and colleges have been increasing, but in-house corporate programs have also increased. In some college programs, credit is given for on-the-job experience as well as coursework. The biggest roadblock from an institutional point of view seems to be the…