Ryan, Anne (1986). Sharing Your Skills Teaching Adults. The Training of Instructors to Teach Non-Credit Adult Education Courses. A short-term training course for part-time adult instructors (a program of the Strathcona, Alberta, Further Education Council) has been offered eight times. Findings from questionnaires completed by respondents indicated that over 97 percent want to take the course. The most obviously desired topics are adult learners' needs and characteristics. The least useful topics, according to the instructor/participants, are writing course objectives and individual lesson plans. An in-class needs assessment showed that professional development is the first concern. The course, Sharing Your Skills: Teaching Adults, is six hours in length. The set topics of the first three hours are introduction (how to start a class of adults), needs assessment, and contracting. Other content of these three hours includes a slide-tape presentation, a computerized precourse assignment about adult learners' characteristics, and the topics of learning styles and group development. The second three hours are the… [PDF]

Reynolds, Carl L. (1986). Enriching the Rural School Curriculum through Telecommunications. Rural teachers of vocational agriculture, realizing the need for access to current information in their field, obtained funds for initiating the use of a computerized telecommunications service. The service selected, AgriData Network, includes reports of news, markets, and trends; a collection of over 500 teaching plans in all subject areas in agriculture; a daily feature of condensed current events in agriculture; and an electronic mail service. Fifteen schools were selected as sites for demonstration of the telecommunication system. Phone modems and a 1-year subscription fee were purchased for each school. Local districts provided the necessary computer equipment as their part of the cost-sharing effort. In-service programs were conducted to assist teachers in use of the equipment, accessing the AgriData Network and incorporating the information into their courses. Among the benefits of the telecommunications system is community involvement. Parents in the farming and ranching…

Wilde, Glenn R. (1984). Intermountain Community Learning and Information Centers Concept, Processes and Results. Intermountain Community Learning and Information Centers are the result of work begun in 1977 by Utah State University and are based on use of rural libraries in a new information and education function. Support from the Western Rural Development Center permitted the Cooperative Extension Services, state libraries, and continuing educators from Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming to cooperatively work toward tying together information services (a traditional library role) with formal and informal educational services ( a new role), thus forming a 1-stop community education/information center serving the multiplicity of rural needs. The delivery system is envisioned as using electronic access to informational resources, sharing educational resources through a multi-service network, and the training of specialists to market services to client groups. A multi-state survey of potential users revealed over 65% of the respondents had participated in some educational or training activity…

McKay, Emily; Schroyer-Portillo, Janet (1983). Block Grants and Their Civil Rights Implications, Series (B)–Background. Federal block grants, in contrast to categorical programs and revenue sharing, allow states and localities considerable flexibility in meeting needs within broad functional areas; but, they are also designed to assure that funds are spent to pursue national objectives. Before 1981, block grants included varying levels of recipient accountability requirements. These requirements tended to increase over time. Then, in 1981, Congress approved nine new block grants. These incorporated all but one of the five block grants that were already existing. The new block grants were narrower than grants proposed by President Reagan, but they reduced the number of programs and funding levels by as much as 34 percent. Since 1982, the Reagan Administration has made further proposals to consolidate the grants and to reduce federal intervention; Congress hasn't yet (as of 10 May 1983) considered these proposals. Critics worry about negative effects of the new block grants, especially problems of…

Burns, David A. (1984). Residential Care: Back to First Principles. Residential care must be redefined, free from jargon and rhetoric. Over the past 20 years, the social welfare approach, which encompasses the medical model, has dominated legislative and practical thinking about residential care. This theoretical thinking reached its culmination in the concept of the therapeutic community. The therapeutic community is based on democratisation and permissiveness, supported by reality confrontation and communalism. However, in practice, the ideal of each member in the community sharing equally in the exercise of power in decision making about community affairs cannot happen without deleterious consequences. The democracy of the therapeutic community is at best a pretense. Residential care must think anew about the problematic elements in the therapeutic community of diffusion of authority and responsibility. A balance must be struck between the power of those exercising authority and the freedom of those subject to it. The primary task of residential…

SCHIFF, ALBERT (1967). THE PROBLEM OF RECRUITMENT. TO BEGIN THE TEACHER SELECTION PROCESS MUCH EARLIER THAN THE SENIOR YEAR OF COLLEGE, THE PERSONNEL DIVISION OF THE DETROIT SCHOOL SYSTEM SPONSORS CLUBS OF FUTURE TEACHERS RANGING FROM THE ELEMENTARY THROUGH THE JUNIOR AND SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS. OVER 4500 PUPILS ARE IN 161 LOCAL SCHOOL UNITS WITH AN AVERAGE SIZE OF 25-30 MEMBERS. ACTIVITIES INCLUDE–(1) CADET TEACHING AND TUTORING, AND (2) AID IN PLANNING FOR COLLEGE (AT THE ELEMENTARY LEVEL VISIT TO A METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY, AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL CONCENTRATION ON SPECIFIC PLANS FOR UNIVERSITY ENROLLMENT). SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PRECOLLEGE RECRUITMENT PRACTICES INCLUDE THE UTILIZATION OF–(A) LITERATURE AND GUEST SPEAKERS TO SENSITIZE HIGH SCHOOL SOPHOMORES TO CHANGING TEACHER ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES, (B) TEACHER AIDE AND WORK-STUDY EXPERIENCES READILY APPLICABLE TO THE FUTURE TEACHER'S WORK, AND (C) CONFERENCES AND CITY MEETINGS TO PROVIDE FOR SHARING OF EXPERIENCES IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SCHOOLS. NEW RECRUITMENT… [PDF]

Chadwick, Martin M.; Fitzhugh, Robert J. (1970). IMP: The LRDC Integrated Macro Package. The Learning Research and Development Center Time-Sharing System (LRDC/TSS) supports numerous non-standard devices and terminals and provides a variety of powerful programing options, enabling the researcher to maintain close control over the experimental environment. To achieve this degree of flexibility, it was necessary to write programs exclusively in assembly language, which made program development time consuming and produced programs that were difficult to "debug." The integrated Macro Package (IMP) was developed to provide a programing aid which does not become involved in the problems of compiler writing. It provides a programing structure and a body of debugged and documented routines to programers who write for the LRDC/TSS. Although it is used largely for computer-assisted instruction and on-line laboratory application, most of the routines are general purpose. IMP has a conditional assembly feature, which permits the programer to identify sections of the code… [PDF]

Hertling, Elizabeth (2001). Reteniendo los directores (Retaining Principals). ERIC Digest. This digest in Spanish examines the reasons why–outside of retirement–school principals leave their jobs. It also lists strategies districts can employ to retain principals. Many principals exit their profession because of the long hours, the workload and complexity of the job, the unending supervision of evening activities, the minimal pay difference between top teachers and administrators, and increasingly complex social problems. To ease the burden on principals, some school districts employ job sharing in which tasks are divided among two or more leaders who possess skills in different areas. One district in Tennessee, for example, initiated a plan whereby one principal begins with the freshman class and then follows the students through all 4 years of high school. To ease principals' frustration over the time they spend on administrative tasks, some districts have started training programs to certify business managers, freeing principals to focus more on instruction and… [PDF]

Beard, Patricia; Hudspeth, Jean (1994). Mississippi Library Commission, Final Performance Report for Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) Title VI, Library Literacy Program. The Mississippi Library Commission conducted a project that involved raising public awareness, collection development, and English as a Second Language (ESL) services. The project served a community of over 200,000 people, with ESL learners as the specific target group. The goal of the project was to aid public library and other literacy efforts in selecting and providing ESL materials for students and teachers. A core collection of ESL materials for use by ESL instructors, trainers, and program directors was purchased. The collection, housed at the Mississippi Library Commission, allows ready access through an established library resource sharing network throughout all areas of the state. The bibliography of ESL materials produced through the project was distributed to all public libraries, literacy providers, school districts, colleges, and junior colleges. A survey accompanied the bibliography, and was intended to obtain feedback from service providers who have the most direct… [PDF]

Batchelor, Kim (2001). Using Visualizations in HIV Prevention Education: Lessons from the Global South. The demographics of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic have changed from impacting affluent white gay men to impacting the poor, people of color, the young, and women. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) disproportionately affect these same populations. One approach that stresses the inclusion of the voices of marginalized individuals–participatory learning and action (PLA)–offers an opportunity to make HIV prevention a more innovative, effective, and collaborative effort. The key to PLA is participation by local people, often in groups, in the investigation of a problem. Their participation might include open-ended sharing and analysis, which often involves visual methods such as diagraming and mapping the community environment. The second basic component is questioning the behavior and attitudes of outsiders, who are urged to listen to, learn from, and respect local people. The third component is the encouragement of creativity and flexibility over formality and… [PDF]

Driskill, Qwo-Li (2003). Mothertongue: Incorporating Theatre of the Oppressed into Language Restoration Movements. This paper describes the use of Theatre of the Oppressed (TO), a movement of radical theater and popular education designed for communities sharing common oppression, to help First Nations people return to and stabilize their mother tongues. It suggests that for many First Nations people, relearning their languages involves confronting histories of shame and fear surrounding their mother tongues. TO enables participants to tell their stories to one another in an aesthetic and visceral manner that cuts through over-intellectualization and strikes at their emotions and spirits. It can help create social change, as it challenges assumptions of the possible and helps people imagine non-oppressive realities. The paper suggests that collectively, Native people suffer from severe posttraumatic stress disorder, which makes the use of TO very important. It concludes that because of the high population of Native people living away from their homelands, language restoration must be able to… [PDF]

Rivera, DeAnna (1998). The Tutor at the Center: Hearing and Reverberating the Stories of a Multi-Cultural Campus. Over the years, a composition instructor has watched the metaphor of the writing center as a spider web unfold on three different college campuses, all of which have a culturally diverse student body. As a junior college peer tutor, a graduate student tutor, and a faculty member trying to get out of doing some committee work, the instructor has seen the center from many different angles. From all of these angles, one thing remains the same: the instructor learns just as much from the writers who visit the center as they learn from the instructor. The writings of three different students who visited the writing center show they are unified by their sentiment and by their listener (the tutor). By sharing their ideas, histories, and stories with the instructor, these student writers change tutors' ideas, histories, and stories. They have reached the instructor despite their supposed \otherness.\ These writers have woven their words into the center (the writing center and the… [PDF]

Perry, Mary (1998). School Finance 1998-99: Budget Increase Just One Part of the Story. EdSource Report. California's public schools received a $2.2 billion increase in revenue for the 1998-99 school year. An analysis of the overall funding for California's K-12 education in 1998-99, including what districts must do to respond to new laws, is provided. Around 82 percent of California's education dollars are controlled by state lawmakers, and the system for sharing money among school districts has become increasingly complicated. Each district receives general-purpose money based on a per-pupil revenue limit, and each district has its own revenue limit. This complexity is increased by the designation of over one-third of state funding and nearly one-half of funding increases for specific purposes. Major changes in laws that affected Average Daily Attendance accounting, the mandatory 180-day student year, special education, and social promotion all influenced the way that allocations were administered. Some of the state's existing categorical program received major funding boosts, such… [PDF]

Brenman, Nancy C. (1990). An Integrated Learning Program To Improve Tenth Grade English Students' Reading Comprehension Grade Levels and Attitudes toward Reading. An integrated reading program was developed and implemented to raise reading comprehension levels and attitudes toward reading in two groups of urban comprehensive high school students. A targeted group of 10th-grade English 2 Regular and English 2 Skills students was established for the program with the objective to reduce reading deficits that ranged from .5 to 6.5 grade levels. The researcher-created Reading Enhancement and Achievement Delivery System (READS) program contained six strategies: (1) discussing students' attitudes and goals; (2) creating a positive environment; (3) sharing literature; (4) reading for an audience; (5) active learning; and (6) a computerized reading program. An average growth in reading comprehension of 14 to 16 months was determined and measured by the Test of Adult Basic Education over the 18-week period. A change in attitude was determined by a student attitudinal survey. It was concluded that by combining traditional reading strategies and…

Preshaw, Gene; Steele, Larry (1988). \Personal Growth: A Continuation High School Drug Defense.\. Two drug intervention courses were developed for students at risk, entitled \Personal Growth\ and \Advanced Personal Growth.\ These courses were implemented by continuation high school staffs to raise self-esteem. Both courses emphasize building positive relationships and support systems, sharing feelings, and trusting. These are skills students from dysfunctional families tend to be without. It is recommended that two facilitators share responsibility for the class, a teacher and a counselor, and that these facilitators have additional training. The class begins with simple, low-risk activities designed to begin the bonding and trusting process. As the weeks pass and as students begin to trust and share feelings they reach deeper levels of disclosure. The classes serve as a beginning for students with a history of dysfunction. Some will quit, others will move mountains within the safety of the group but will seem to fall backward after the class is over. A few will use the class as…

Blatt, Gloria T. (1981). The Functions of Reading in Four Elementary Classrooms and Their Effects on Children's Reading Interests. A longitudinal study examined the classroom environments in which 30 children learned to read. Over the first four years of the study, data were collected on how the children's third, fourth, fifth, and sixth grade teachers taught reading and other subjects, the kinds and numbers of books that the children had available to read, the functions of reading in the classrooms, and the connections made between assigned reading and literature. During the study, the children kept records of what they read and answered questions about how they heard about these books and what they thought of each book. The results showed that teachers were most successful in fostering reading interests when they gave children time to read, used literature to teach reading, or read aloud regularly to their classes. The positive effect of sharing books in class was evident in the children's reports of how they got information about books and in the examination of reading by one child, whose preference for…

Mersand, Joseph (1978). The Magic Ingredient in the Teaching of Written Composition: Prelude, Theme, and Variations. Perhaps because writing is a comparatively recent development in human history, it is more difficult to teach than any other aspect of communication. It is essential in teaching writing to enlist the interest and the pleasure of the pupil. Some ways to do this include: preceding the writing process with speaking and listening, providing for individual differences in interest and ability, providing as many enriching experiences as possible in and out of the classroom, discussing anything in the news that will interest the class, giving sufficient time for gestation of an idea, and allowing opportunities for sharing written work. Some principles of evaluation include doing it on a one-to-one basis, giving positive encouragement, looking for only a few errors at a time, having students judge each other's work, emphasizing content over mechanics, inspiring students' pride in their work, and rewarding excellence in writing as excellence is rewarded in other fields. The surroundings for…

Badger, Earladeen (1968). Mothers' Training Program: Educational Intervention by the Mothers of Disadvantaged Infants. Twenty mothers of culturally disadvantaged children took part in a program of self-help which was both child- and mother-centered. Two groups of ten mothers each met weekly with two staff members over an 8-month period and were trained to tutor their infants (1 to 2-years-old) in their homes. Fifteen of the initial 20 mothers remained in the program a second year. The program included: (1) training mothers to use educational toys and materials to stimulate their children's learning in sensory-motor, concept, and language development; (2) discussion of child-rearing problems; (3) fostering attitude change through sharing ideas; and (4) helping the mothers to develop self-confidence and responsibility. Regular home visits were made by staff members to observe mothers working with their babies and to make helpful suggestions. The implementation section of this report describes recruitment of mothers and selection of educational materials. Also given is an account of the weekly meetings… [PDF]

Olivero, James L. (1970). Do Teacher Aides Aid American Education?. A far-reaching 1968 study on teacher aides revealed that very little was known about the aid that aides supposedly provide. It was found that there is some direct relationship between the use of aides and action programs to improve instruction. Some general points crop up regularly: 1) Teachers who have aides usually will not do without them. 2) Teachers who are contemplating having aides often are very apprehensive about sharing the classroom with another adult. 3) Training programs need to be developed at which both the teacher and aide learn to work together. 4) Teacher aides are performing three categories of services: supervisory, clerical, and instructional. 5) Teacher aides generally express satisfaction with their jobs, but complaints relate to the teacher's over-expectations or under-expectations of them. The roles must be defined. The rest of us might just play our roles by supporting the several differentiated staffing studies now under way and withholding judgment until… [PDF]

Hawley, Peggy (1975). The State of the Art of Counseling High School Girls. Final Report. Fels Discussion Paper No. 89. A year spent in fulltime study of over 3,000 young women and counselors of both sexes in 13 schools shows that both groups have largely discarded the traditional stereotype of womanhood. Attitudes were measured on a continuum from dichotomous (gender-based) to androgynous (no sex referent). Counselors were significantly more androgynous than the girls they counsel. Self-report statements indicate that counselors are relatively more free of sex bias than their counselees. This tells more about what they say than about what they do. Girls miss the more subtle basic implications of feminism. Many think that women should work only if it doesn't interfere with domestic duties. They seem unaware that couples are increasingly sharing both domestic responsibilities and outside work. A strong positive relationship emerged between high I.Q. scores and androgynous attitudes. Although less strong, a significant relationship was found between attitudes toward sex roles and ethnicity. Anglos held… [PDF]

(2001). Capacity and Charter Project Consultation. The 25 colleges of Ontario's Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology have strategic directions built upon new programs services, accessible diverse learning options, state-of-the-art learning technology, innovative alliances with business and education, and inter-institutional resource sharing. Yet the implementation of these strategic directions must vary according to the students, regional communities, and markets being served. The colleges, which were founded in 1965, have always been connected directly to the world of work, but that world has changed dramatically in the intervening years. Only 44% of the colleges' students came directly from high school, and their average age is 26. Per student grants have decreased from over $5,000 per student to under $3,000, while tuition has increased 109%. As a result, there is a call for a new charter for the 21st century. The paper estimates that there will be a 21% enrollment increase (30,000 students). It asks: What will be the role of… [PDF]

(2010). Blueprint for Change in Ohio: State Teacher Policy Yearbook, 2010. National Council on Teacher Quality The 2009 "State Teacher Policy Yearbook" provided a comprehensive review of states' policies that impact the teaching profession. As a companion to last year's comprehensive state-by-state analysis, the 2010 edition provides each state with an individualized "Blueprint for Change," building off last year's "Yearbook" goals and recommendations. State teacher policy addresses a great many areas, including teacher preparation, certification, evaluation and compensation. With so many moving parts, it may be difficult for states to find a starting point on the road to reform. To this end, this paper provides a state-specific roadmap, organized in three main sections. Section 1 identifies policy concerns that need critical attention, the areas of highest priority for state policymakers. Section 2 outlines "low-hanging fruit," policy changes that can be implemented in relatively short order. Section 3 offers a short discussion of some longer-term… [PDF]

Puma, Anna; Puma, Michael; Tarkow, Allison (2007). The Challenge of Improving Children's Writing Ability: A Randomized Evaluation of "Writing Wings". Grantee Submission Background: This study evaluated the impact on student's writing ability of a structured writing program, called "Writing Wings," for 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders developed by the Success For All Foundation (SFAF). Writing is a critical skill for success in school. Purpose: The study was intended to answer one confirmatory question, "What is the impact of 'Writing Wings' on the writing ability of 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade elementary students?"; and two exploratory questions–"What is the impact of 'Writing Wings' on the writing attitudes and practices of 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade elementary students?" and "Do the impacts vary by the characteristics of the students and their teachers?" Setting: A total of 39 schools, from 21 states, participated in the study over two years (2005-06 and 2006-07). Study Sample: A total of 39 schools, 150 teachers and 3,000 students. Teachers were randomized to a treatment or control group. Intervention: "Writing… [PDF] [Direct]

(1996). Serving Underserved Areas through Off-Campus Coursework and Telecommunications. Joint Report to the Illinois Board of Education and Illinois Community College Board. To respond to the needs of place-bound adult students, an increasing emphasis has been placed on off-campus credit activities in the state of Illinois. During academic year 1995, 52,609 off-campus courses were offered in the state, with the Illinois Community College System accounting for 78.6% of these offerings and independent colleges accounting for 14%. In Illinois, 10 regional consortia of colleges and universities have been formed to coordinate plans and help serve the educational needs of different geographical areas of the state. The consortia have begun to develop a statewide telecommunications-based instructional delivery system to expand statewide access to underserved areas. A fall 1995 survey of telecommunications activity for the consortia indicated that between fall 1994 and 1995, the number of courses offered over interactive telecommunications had more than doubled among consortia statewide. One of the major obstacles to the use of telecommunications technologies in… [PDF]

Badway, Norena; Grubb, W. Norton (1995). Linking School-Based and Work-Based Learning: The Implications of LaGuardia's Co-op Seminars for School-to-Work Programs. Technical Assistance Report. Co-op seminars are a key component of the cooperative education (CE) program at LaGuardia Community College in New York City. All LaGuardia students must enroll in CE and attend a series of co-op seminars that raise general issues about work, occupations in general, and the competencies required on the job. The seminars serve as a form of career exploration and a mechanism of connecting school- and work-based learning. Three levels of generic and major-specific seminars are offered. Like LaGuardia's CE program, the seminars attempt to promote an approach to teaching called TAR (Teach-Apply-Reinforce) and include classroom exercises and fieldwork assignments. Over the past decade, the co-op seminar program has undergone numerous changes, including a movement toward more generic seminars, greater flexibility, and use of union-sponsored and union-supported tutoring in basic skills. The co-op seminars incorporate a range of classroom techniques, including traditional lecture, class… [PDF]

Thiel, Teresa A. (1996). Maritime English for Communication and Cooperation. Because most maritime accidents are caused by human error, notably breakdowns in communication or cooperation, and because English is the international maritime language, instruction in maritime English for communication and cooperation is an important element in maritime education. The International Maritime Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, has established the World Maritime University (WMU) in Sweden to train specialist maritime personnel from developing countries. The university is a small, postgraduate institution providing instruction in shipping and related fields, including improvement of maritime safety. Students come with established careers or executive positions with shipping companies and port authorities, and from diverse cultures and educational and work experiences. WMU offers five courses in varied maritime fields, leading to a master of science degree. It is an English-medium university, and offers an intensive English language program. A… [PDF]

Hamilton, Cathy H. (1995). Trends, Issues, and Implications: The Influence of Child Care Needs on the Employment of Women. This report focuses on current trends of women in the workforce, issues they face with child care, and how the implications of those trends and issues have influenced corporate and governmental response. In 1990, 47% of the working mother population relied on spouses or relatives to provide care for their young children. Between 2 and 5 million children ages 6 to 13 are on their own between the time school lets out and when their parents return from work. Licensed day care centers account for the care of approximately 10% of the 8.5 million children under six years of age. For families earning $15,000 or less annually with a child under 5 years of age, childcare expenses consume 23% of all household expenditures. For families earning over $50,000 the percentage falls to 6%. Even in states where overall supply of child care is high, access is sharply lower in poorer areas and rural communities. The high cost of child care restricts women's employment prospects, both in terms of… [PDF]

Askov, Eunice N.; Forlizzi, Lori A. (1994). Research on Current ABLE Services and Recommendations for Achieving Pennsylvania 2000 Goal 6. Final Report. A project developed a comprehensive database of Pennsylvania state adult literacy service providers that could be used to provide information on service provision to public and private organizations and individuals. The project team distributed a mailed survey to 2,911 known and potential adult literacy service-providing organizations throughout the state, including Pennsylvania Department of Education-funded programs, literacy councils, libraries, and businesses with over 500 employees. The survey questioned organizations on six areas: services, staffing, sites, outreach, technology, and funding. Findings indicated that 324 of 948 responding organizations provided services. The largest categories of service providers were community-based organizations, school districts, and literacy councils. The types of services most likely to be provided were adult basic education, general educational development or alternative secondary education, and basic literacy services. Responding… [PDF]

Fisher, Susan; Watkins, Mary (1993). Talking with Young Children about Adoption. Even though current wisdom holds that adoptive parents should talk with their child about adoption as early as possible, no guidelines exist to prepare parents for the various ways their children might respond when these conversations take place. This book discusses how young children make sense of the fact that they are adopted, how their awareness might appear in their play, and what worries they and their parents may have. The introduction looks at changes in adoption practice. Chapter 1 explores the meaning of adoption from the perspective of the parent. Chapter 2 reviews some of the research on adoption outcome, research that is often outdated and disheartening, reflecting not scientific truth but cultural bias and apprehension about adoption. Chapter 3 examines adoption from the child's perspective and explores the ways in which young adoptive children understand and communicate about adoption. Chapter 4 contains accounts by 20 adoptive parents of conversations about adoption…

O'Daniel, Heather B. (1999). Cataloguing the Internet. Associates: the Electronic Library Support Journal, v5 n3 Mar. This paper discusses problems and opportunities, presented by the information explosion and the growth of the Internet, for libraries to apply and augment traditional methods of cataloging. The first section provides an overview of how the process of cataloging evolved, including the development of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR), Library of Congress and Dewey Decimal classification systems, MARC format, OCLC, and Library of Congress Subject Headings. Issues or difficulties in applying classification systems to the information available on the Internet are explained in the second section, including lack of controlled vocabulary, lack of stability due to frequency of change to the data, and lack of quality standards. The third section shows the possibilities and plans for libraries to use cataloging for improving research on the Internet. Three current projects are described: (1) the Dublin Core, a set of metadata elements for cataloging electronic material; (2) the OCLC… [PDF]