Trostle, Susan Louise (1985). The Effects of Child-Centered Group Play Sessions on Social-Emotional Growth of Four- and Five-Year-Old Bilingual Puerto Rican Children. This study was designed to investigate the effects of child-centered group play sessions (using the play therapy interaction approach) and sex differences on self-control, free play, and sociometric ratings in young bilingual Puerto Rican children. The participants in the study were 48 bilingual Puerto Rican four- and five-year-old children from two predominately Hispanic Southeastern Pennsylvania urban communities. Analyses made of pre-test scores for the dependent measures yielded no significant differences among groups. The main anlayses consisted of three 2 (treatment) x 2 (sex) analyses of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA), using pre- and post-measures on self-control behaviors, free play ratings, and sociometric scores. Separate post hoc Tukey tests were run on each of the three main dependent measures. Results showed that children who received group play sessions outperformed those in the control group on the self-control and free play rating scales; boys in the… [PDF]

(1986). Project CHAMP, 1984-1985. OEA Evaluation Report. In 1984-1985, the second year of a three-year funding cycle, Project CHAMP provided instruction to 600 primarily Chinese-speaking students of limited English proficiency (LEP) in grades 9-12 at Seward Park, Washington Irving, and Martin Luther King, Jr. High Schools in New York, New York. Seward Park was the primary site of the project and most program staff were based there. Approximately 70 percent of the participating students were born in the People's Republic of China. Other countries of origin included Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Korea. The program contained two instructional components. The goals of the basic component are to provide instruction in English as a Second Language (ESL), native language arts, science, mathematics, computer mathematics, and social studies. An intensive literacy component was offered at Seward Park to those students who were found to be functionally illiterate in the native languages and who lacked basic academic skills. Seward Park's…

Mortensen, JoAnn; And Others (1985). Asian Basic 4 Adaptations. Basic 4 Food Groups. Nutrients for Health. Calcium: A Dietary Mineral. Iron: A Dietary Mineral. Guide to Good Eating. This package consists of various bilingual instructional materials for use in helping Indochinese refugees learn basic nutrition skills. Included in the package are translations in English, Vietnamese, and Lao of booklets outlining guidelines for adapting Indochinese dietary habits to incorporate foods available in the United States, including foods from the four basic food groups in the daily diet, nutrients for health, selecting foods rich in calcium, and a guide to good eating. A booklet about eating foods rich in iron is presented in English, Vietnamese, Lao, and Cambodian. (MN)…

Wildsmith, R. (1980). English Language Problems of Chinese Students in South Africa. The status of English as learned and used by Chinese students in South Africa was investigated to provide perspective on the language policy. Language planners in South Africa require that all secondary school students be taught and tested through the medium of either English or Afrikaans, regardless of their mother tongue. The students are expected to achieve the same level in English as that of native speakers if they wish to enter the university. The important concern is whether English should be regarded as either the first or second language of the students, or even as a second dialect. A related criterion is literacy in the mother tongue. These issues were explored within the framework of a sociolinguistic analysis that defines the influence of certain societal factors on the students' learning of English. A questionnaire was administered to 75 secondary school students attending schools that cater to Chinese students and general public schools for all groups. Interviews with…

Seidner, Stanley S., Ed. (1982). Issues of Language Assessment: Foundations and Research. Proceedings of the Annual Language Assessment Institute (1st, Evanston, Illinois, June 17-20, 1981). The following papers are included in this volume dealing with issues and research in language assessment: (1) "Sociolinguistic Foundations of Language Assessment," by J. L. Ornstein-Galicia; (2) "Language Proficiency Assessment: Research Findings and Their Application," by C. Rivera and C. Simich; (3) "The Role of Grammar in a Communicative Approach to Second Language Teaching and Testing," by M. Swain and M. Canale; (4) "Dilemmas in Diagnosis," by R. L. Thorndike; (5) "Language Proficiency Assessment: Issues and Definitions," by R. E. Baecher; (6) "Foreign Language and Bilingual Assessment: Issues Approaches," by P. Woodford; (7) "Integrating Language Assessment with Teaching Performance in Subject Areas," by G. D. Keller; (8) "On Assessing the Oral Language Ability of Limited-English Proficient Students: The Linguistic Bases of the Noncomparability of Different Language Proficiency Assessment… [PDF]

Tzeng, Ovid J. L. (1980). Cognitive Processing of Various Orthographies. In the hope of filling in a missing link for experimental psychologists' research on reading, this paper provides a general review of research on the issue of orthography and its relation to reading. The traditional classification of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic modes are examined to see how much orthographic variations affect the processing strategy of both beginning and fluent readers. The examination leads to the hypothesis that different cognitive strategies are required to achieve reading efficiency in various writing systems. Issues connected with this hypothesis have been examined by cognitive psychologists, anthropologists, and neurolinguists. Those issues having to do particularly with bilingual literacy are reviewed: (1) reading disability incidence in syllabic and logographic systems compared with alphabetic systems, (2) neuropsychological research, (3) differential processing mechanisms and behavior consequences, (4) the process in reading of recoding the visual… [PDF]

Krashen, Stephen D. (1981). The \Fundamental Pedogagical Principle\ in Second Language Teaching. Studia Linguistica, v35 n1-2 p50-70. A fundamental principle of second language acquisition is stated and applied to language teaching. The principle states that learners acquire a second language when they receive comprehensible input in situations where their affective filters are sufficiently low. The theoretical background of this principle consists of five hypotheses: the acquisition-learning, natural order, monitor, input, and affective filter hypotheses. The fundamental principle helps to resolve several problems in the professional literature, including the effectiveness of second language instruction and the effects of age on second language acquisition. The principal applied to pedagogy posits that any instructional technique that promotes second language acquisition does so by providing comprehensible input. This pedagogical principle can be applied to a variety of language teaching methods and settings, including the language classroom, the media, the language laboratory, subject matter teaching, and…

Evans, Joyce; Guevara, A. E. (1974). Classroom Instruction for Young Spanish Speakers. Exceptional Children, 41, 1, 16-9, Sep 74. …

Spolsky, Bernard (1974). Speech Communities and Schools. TESOL Quarterly, 8, 1, 17-26, Mar 74. Paper presented at the 1973 TESOL Convention in San Juan, Puerto Rico. (HW)…

(1977). A National Understanding: The Official Languages of Canada. The English and French languages have been in everyday use in some part of what is now Canada for almost 400 years. The constitution of Canada states that they have equal status in the Parliament and courts of Canada and in the legislature and courts of the province of Quebec. In 1969 Parliament passed the Official Languages Act, which declared that the English and French languages are the official languages of Canada for all purposes of the Government of Canada and that they possess and enjoy equality of status. This book reviews the origins of this policy and the country's experience with it. It consists of the following chapters: (1) Language, Culture and Government; (2) Language and Perspectives on Canadian History; (3) Language and Canadian Unity; (4) Principles of the Official Languages Policy of Canada; (5) Official Languages and Individual Canadians; (6) Official Languages and the Programs of the Federal Government; (7) Official Languages and the Provinces. Both English and…

Tilley, Sally D. (1976). The Imitation Technique: A Tool for Ascertaining an Index of Bilingualism and Bidialectalism in Primary-Grade Children through Analyses of Recoding Errors. In order to study the syntactic components which operate in the imitation and recoding of standard English by bilingual and bidialectal children, a sample of 20 multiethnic Spanish speakers and 20 black English speakers was drawn from children in the first, second, and third grades of a metropolitan bilingual program. The ability of these children to reproduce the syntactic features of the Linguistic Structures Repetition test gave an index of errors in the recoding of standard English. Results of the study show that repetition of standard English sentences by black nonstandard English-speaking children and by Spanish-speaking bilingual children is not merely mimicry of the surface structure of the utterance but is often a recoding into a first language or dialect. Teachers and teacher trainees, by noting imitations of standard English structures, can pay special attention to children's recoding processes and can become familiar with the characteristics of the linguistic production… [PDF]

Balbuena, Wesley; And Others (1969). The Adult Bilingual Experimental School. J Secondary Educ, 44, 5, 225-230, 69 May. …

Miller, Robert (1981). The Mexican Approach of Developing Materials and Teaching Literacy to Bilingual Students. Bilingual literacy methods and materials used in Mexico for its linguistic minorities can also be used effectively in the United States. A system based on the techniques of Paulo Freire is being used in that country to create beginning reading materials in all the native languages of Mexico. In this method, generative words concerning foods, holidays, or practical aspects of adult life are discussed and carefully arranged from basic phonetic sounds to more complicated sounds (17 words can express all of the 24 sounds of Spanish). Students who are still deficient in basic skills but too advanced for Freire's method are taught Spanish skills while they learn English. A system, based on the generative word concept and an educational notebook discussed by Freire, was developed to teach English as a second language while reinforcing the primary language. First, problem areas are identified through evaluation of student essays and an error list is compiled, from which generative themes… [PDF]

(1980). Project C.A.P.I.S.C.O. New Utrecht High School. ESEA Title VII Final Evaluation Report, 1979-1980. This is the evaluation report for the fifth and final year of Project CAPISCO (Comprehensive Academic Program for Italian Students' Citizenship Orientation). The Title VII bilingual (Italian/English) program was carried out at New Utrecht High School, located in the Bay Ridge-Bensonhurst area of Brooklyn, New York, and served 140 students. The students participating in the program demonstrated superior performance in English reading, mathematics, science, social studies, and native (Italian) language arts. In addition, the attendance record of CAPISCO students was better than the rate for the general school population. The program's success is attributed to strong motivation on the part of the bilingual staff and to the involvement of program parents. In addition to discussing instructional activities and student achievement, this report describes administrative procedures, staff and curriculum development activities, family and supportive services, and the community relations… [PDF]

Van Metre, Patricia D. (1978). The Syntax of Bilingual Children: A Comparative Study. The interview techniques developed by Carol Chomsky were used in a comparative study of the language acquisition of 32 bilingual and monolingual third grade students. After these students were matched for age, socioeconomic status, IQ, family environment (both parents in the home), and reading ability, they were placed in four group–bilingual-high reading ability (BH), bilingual-low (BL), monolingual-high (MH), and monolingual-low (ML). Over a period of two weeks, the four boys and four girls in each group were interviewed in four situations designed to have students determine implicit subjects (ask/tell), verbs (promise/tell), underlying relationships not expressed in surface structure, and pronominalizations. The major group differences that were found for these patterns of language development were between high/low reading achievement groups, not between bilingual and monolingual children. Chomsky's major findings were confirmed, showing the late acquisition of some syntactic…

Silverman, Dorothy; And Others (1980). [Project SABOR]. Community School District 8, Title VII. Final Evaluation Report, 1979-1980. The purpose of Project SABOR (Sound Approaches to Bilingualism and Opportunities for Recognition) was to develop and promote native and second language skills in all curriculum areas for students in grades four to eight. Eight hundred students received instruction in English and native language arts and reading, mathematics, science, social studies, English as a Second language, and Spanish as a Second language. Additional program components included curriculum development, teacher training, and parent participation. Project SABOR was evaluated through consultant observations and pre- and post-test data in reading and mathematics from the Stanford Achievement Tests. Findings indicated that program participants made significant gains in academic areas. The consultant determined that Project SABOR was strong and viable. Tables of data are included. (MK)… [PDF]

Douglas, Arthur, Sr.; And Others (1978). Kayuqtullu, Tulugatlu, Suli Atlat Annugaurut (Foxes and Ravens and Other Creatures). Four short stories taken from Alaskan oral tradition are written in plain terms and presented in large print with illustrations on each page. "The Little Mouse" describes how a courageous mouse swims across a river only to discover it is just a man's footprint. In "The Loon and the Muskrat" two animals become possessive of the lake where they live, then decide to share the territory. "Daisy and Tulagaq" is the story of how a cleaver ground squirrel outwits a raven. In "The Fox and the Raven" the crafty fox flatters an ugly woman and receives a gift, but the honest raven receives nothing. The Inupiat version is also included. (SB)…

(1968). Los Angeles Unified School District Esea Title I Components–Summer 1968. Evaluation Reports. This volume contains evaluation reports of programs implemented primarily during the summer of 1968, in the Los Angeles Unified School District, funded through Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Elementary level programs concentrated on educational enrichment, the development of staff in the areas of human relations and instructional techniques, and the development of new curriculum materials. Programs at the secondary level emphasized instruction, curriculum, and counseling workshops, an incentive program for students with foreign language backgrounds, and a pilot administration-training component. Special education efforts were focused on experimentation and development of the assessment-service center concept. Supportive services efforts were directed toward neglected and delinquent youngsters housed in institutions, multicultural leadership camp programs, and the strengthening of school-community relations through conversational Spanish workshops, a human… [PDF]

Flores, Beatriz (1974). The Observation and Testing Report on the Sesame Street Program. To evaluate the effect of the children's television program "Sesame Street" on Chicano viewers and to identify areas for improvement, the Children's Television Workshop contracted with the Chicano Studies Center at the University of California at Los Angeles to provide the following services: (1) establish observation sites in the Los Angeles area to evaluate the reactions of Chicano children; (2) read and evaluate "Sesame Street" scripts and suggest ways to make content more accessible to Chicano children and more reinforcing of the Chicano culture; (3) pre- and post-test 19 Chicano children to determine the effects of watching 4 weeks of programs. This report: (1) describes the criteria for evaluating programs, and gives examples of actual program evaluations; (2) describes the observation instruments and methodology; and (3) lists the results of the observations. (EMH)… [PDF]

(1974). A Demonstration Project for Target Area Children. This program, included in "Effective Reading Programs…," serves 184 disadvantaged white and Spanish-speaking children ranging in age from four to seven and having pretest reading scores of at least one grade level below expectancy. Individualized reading instruction and multilevel grouping are the focus of this program, begun in 1970. A diagnostic-prescriptive reading profile is developed for each student, and instruction is based on objectives. Classrooms feature learning and interest centers. Learning packages are organized to teach specific skills and are coded for use by the teacher, aide, or parent or by the child independently. The packets emphasize self-correcting and self-pacing activities and employ a multimedia approach. The materials include linguistics and phonics textbooks, worksheets, workbooks, library books, audiovisual media, and manipulative devices. Intergroup relations are stressed through a bicultural enrichment program, and parent and community… [PDF]

Berkman, Dave (1974). Descriptions of Children's Television Series Produced Under the Emergency School Aid Act (P.L. 92-318). Twelve separate educational television program series of varying lengths are listed and described. An attached fact sheet explains the production and evaluation of public service spot announcements to be released through commercial stations to inform young viewers that these shows could be seen on the Public Broadcasting Service network. (DS)… [PDF]

Martinez, Emiliano; And Others (1972). Programa de lengua espanola: Guia para el profesor, 2 (Spanish Language Program: Teacher's Guide 2). This teacher's guide is designed for use with \La Ciudad\ and \Otros Amigos, Otras Culturas,\ two textbooks in the second part of the Spanish language series of readers. It contains lesson plans to enable the teacher to make better use of the texts and includes illustrations taken from each of the books themselves. (SK)…

Martinez, Emiliano; And Others (1972). Programa de lengua espanola: Guia para el profesor, 1 (Spanish Language Program; Teacher's Guide 1). This teacher's guide is designed for use with the following textbooks in the Spanish language reading series: \Mira,\\Mira y Lee,\\Lee y Trabaja,\ and \Trabaja y Aprende.\ It contains lesson plans for each text and illustrations from the books themselves. (SK)…

Kari, James; Spolsky, Bernard (1973). Trends in the Study of Athapaskan Language Maintenance and Bilingualism. Navajo Reading Study Progress Report No. 21. This report discusses trends in the study of Athapaskan, concentrating on language maintenance and bilingualism. It presents both the potential richness and the actual poverty of studies of sociolinguistic aspects of the Athapaskan languages. Noted are two trends–(1) There is a greater interest among linguists in the studies of language in use: studies of context, of diversity, and of the sociological aspects of language which are no longer considered uninteresting; and (2) There is evidence of an increasing sense of responsibility toward the speakers of American Indian languages. The report anticipates rapid advances in the study of Athapaskan language maintenance and bilingualism. (SK)… [PDF]

Medina, Edward; Pope, Francis H. (1972). English Alphabet Book 1: Spanish Phonetic Reading Program. This manual presents an English phonetic reading program based upon pictures which provide clues to each fundamental speech in the language. Pupils are thus able, through auditory and visual discrimination exercises, to match an English speech sound with its proper alphabet symbol. For related documents, see FL 003 749, FL 003 750, and FL 003 752). (Author/SK)…

Howard, Homer H. (1949). In Step with the States. A Comparison of State and Indian Service Educational Objectives and Methods. The purpose of this 1949 book is to summarize the beliefs of the education division of the United States Indian Service and to present summarized statements of the educational objectives and teaching practices of Alaska and the 15 states where the Indian Service operates schools. Part I answers such questions as how public schools are changing; are all public schools good schools; and why Indian schools change rapidly. The educational approach, the primary objectives of Indian schools, the provisions for individual differences, and surveys as foundations for curriculum development are additional topics discussed in Part I. Part II reviews courses of study in Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Washington. The course of study for Alaska's elementary and secondary territorial schools is examined in Part III. (HBC)… [PDF]

Feeney, Joan V., Comp. (1972). Chicano Special Reading Selections. The purpose of this selective bibliography of approximately 350 works is to draw the various materials on Mexican American culture together for use by students at different age levels. The materials are separated into lists for preschool and primary, intermediate, and advanced students. The reading selections provide information in the following areas: Mexican arts, crafts, cooking, dances, and customs; Spanish adventure and exploration stories; travel in Mexico; life in early California; Mexican folklore and poetry; daily life in Chicano households; stories of the braceros and migrant workers' families; and information about prominent historical and contemporary leaders. The information for each book is reported to be accurate through June 1, 1972. (PS)… [PDF]

Baldauf, Richard B., Jr.; Propst, Ivan K., Jr. (1978). Preliminary Evidence Regarding the Validity of a Modified Cloze Procedure for Lower Elementary ESL Students. Educational and Psychological Measurement, v38 n2 p451-55 Sum 1978, 78. The cloze procedure, an established measure of reading achievement, requires language and reading skills not yet available to elementary school English-second-language pupils who are not literate in their vernacular. A modified cloze procedure, designed to overcome this problem, was found to correlate with traditional vocabulary and reading measures. (Author/JKS)…

Gerken, Kathryn C. (1978). Language Dominance: A Comparison of Measures. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 9, 3, 187-95, Jul 78. The study compared the results of four measures of language dominance in a group of 32 Mexican-American children (mean age 6.1 years-old). (Author/PHR)…

Nelson, Mary (1977). Conversational Spanish for Industrial Use. Community College Frontiers, 6, 1, 35-40, F 77. Describes a pilot project designed by a community college to help employees of a local company solve a language-barrier problem. The bilingual course combined English-speaking and Spanish-speaking employees in the same class so that they could help each other and featured lessons tailor-made to the needs of the company. Sample lessons are presented. (DC)…