Clark, Margaret M.; And Others (1985). Early Education of Children with Communication Problems: Particularly Those from Ethnic Minorities. This report is based on an in-depth study of early education in five multicultural primary schools in England's West Midlands. The aim of the study was to identify developments and features of organization that facilitate communication between teachers and children and among the children themselves. Specifically examined were the abilities of 247 children entering primary school reception classes during 1982-83 as shown over time and in different settings. A total of 41 percent of participants were indigenous Whites, 34 percent were of Asian origin, 24 percent were of Afro-Caribbean origin, and the remaining 1 percent were of other backgrounds. Part I of the report describes the characteristics of the schools, classes, and children. Part II describes the language abilities of children in a variety of settings. In the discussion, attention is drawn to some children with communication problems and to the influence of the setting on their apparent competence. Evidence is also reported… [PDF]

DiMartino, Vincent James; Schulman, Robert (1984). Project A.B.C. Bronx Academic Bilingual Career Program, 1982-1983. O.E.E. Evaluation Report. This multi-site program, in its final year of a two-year funding cycle, provided special resources and supportive services to approximately 200 recently arrived students of limited English proficiency in grades 9-12 at three Bronx (New York) high schools. The project served Vietnamese (Chinese ethnics), Italians, and Hispanics. Services provided by each school, as well as student placement policy, differed among sites. However, all project students were incorporated into each school's regular bilingual program and received instruction in English as a Second Language and native language skills and, where available, bilingual content area instruction. Mainstreaming was done gradually and on an individual basis. The project's stated goal was to "let students acquire practical skills and understand the ways in which bilingualism could work for them." Pre-occupational training was to be offered in students' native languages, but this project component was not implemented…. [PDF]

Genesee, F.; And Others (1977). An Experiment in Trilingual Education. Report 4. This is the fourth report of the evaluation of the French-Hebrew immersion programs at the Hebrew Foundation School and the Solomon Schecter Academy in Montreal. Students in the study were those who had started in the project in kindergarten and grade 1, and, at the time of the fourth evaluation, were in grades 3 and 5 respectively. Two pilot immersion groups and one comparison group were considered. The purpose of the current evaluation was to continue monitoring the development of the pilot immersion groups as they completed grades 3 and 5, in the areas of English, French, Hebrew, and mathematics. Particular attention is paid to the performance of the immersion groups in grade 3. For the third grade, results indicate that immersion students have superior skill in French and parity in English skills with their peers in the control school. There was no evidence that participation in French immersion had adverse effects on the students' Hebrew language development. Results were…

de Guzman, Estefania S.; Santiago, Milagros J. (1977). A Child's Step Forward in Reading. The Effect of Language of Material and Other Factors on Reading Comprehension among Grade Four Pupils. Philippine Normal College Research Series No. 3. Sixty grade four pupils of the Philippine Normal College Laboratory were involved in a study to determine the effect of language of material, type of material, and ability level on their reading comprehension. The materials were either unilingual English (E/E), unilingual Pilipino (P/P), or consisted of a text in English followed by questions in Pilipino, (E/P), or vice versa (P/E). The materials were either "Work" or "recreatory" types of materials. The students were identified as being of fast, average, or slow ability. Four selections of work materials and four of recreation materials were each randomly presented in four formats. An analysis of variance with repeated measures on type and language of the materials was used to analyze pupils' scores on the comprehension tests given after they had gone over each of the eight selections. The reading comprehension of the pupils varied as a function of the language of the material, with the unilingual P/P being the…

Hanna, Cornelia B.; Levermann, D. (1975). First Chance Outreach. Del Rio First Chance Early Childhood Program. In order to help handicapped children function in regular school programs by the time they enter first grade, the First Chance Early Childhood Program provides precise intervention into the development of children aged 3 to 5 with clearly identified handicapping conditions. Using English and/or Spanish, program staff test and measure the referred child's educational and language functioning, as well as social, emotional, behavioral, medical, and intelligence factors. Evaluators employ many tests including the Alpern-Boll Developmental Scale, the Leiter International Performance Scale, and the Del Rio Language Screening Test, an instrument which uses five subtests to screen language skills of English and Spanish speaking children aged 3 to 6.11. Children accepted into the program are assigned to one of four program components in which they: (1) spend full time with the Assisting Individual Development (AID) program; (2) divide their time between AID and a regular program; (3) use AID… [PDF]

Jones, Earl; And Others (1980). Evaluation of California's Educational Services to Limited and Non-English Speaking Students; Volume III: Technical Materials, Final Report. Designed to assist California policy and decision makers with planning to meet the future educational needs of limited-English speaking (LES) and non-English speaking (NES) students, this study was undertaken: (1) to describe and analyze the implementation of all areas of the legislatively required services to LES/NES children, and the structures which support those services, particularly in terms of instructional strategies, financial resources and utilization, teacher preparation, and district policies; (2) to relate these implementation factors with measures of program effectiveness through analysis of student achievement and the satisfaction of students, parents, teachers, aides, and administrators with the bilingual instructional services, and thus determine the relationship between program implementation and impact on children and others involved in the program; and (3) to analyze procedures for the state and local language census of LES/NES children and examine the…

Campbell-Thrane, Lucille, Ed. (1979). Let's Work Together: Intervention Strategies for Learners with Special Needs. \It Isn't Easy Being Special.\ Research & Development Series No. 175. Divided into four chapters, this monograph focuses on strategies that meet equally the common needs of all students and the unique needs of special students. Chapter 1, Preparing to Meet the Needs of Special Students: Let's Look at Our Responsibilities, identifies special needs populations and presents a list of responsibilities for teachers, counselors, and administrators in helping the special needs learner to succeed in a vocational program. The second chapter explores ten educational needs common to all learners and discusses basic strategies that may help teachers, counselors, administrators, and others to perform effectively with the special student. Chapter 3 provides lists of unique needs of seven special groups and presents strategies for meeting them. Special groups included are (1) American Indians, (2) individuals with limited English proficiency, (3) inmates of correctional institutions, (4) minority groups, (5) gifted/talented students, (6) handicappeo students, and… [PDF]

Flood, Lily Wong (1970). A Second Year Program in English as a Second Language Prepared for Para-Professional Teachers in Bi-Lingual Pre-School Home Teaching Programs: Teacher's Manual. This teacher's manual for a preschool second-year program in English as a second language contains daily lesson plans–objectives, activities, exercises, and subject material–for 22 weeks of class. The program is designed for two English instructional periods per day. English should also be used as the medium of instruction in one other subject. The first four weeks are spent in review of the first year's work. The subjectives and subject material for each week's work are listed at the beginning of the weekly plans. (VM)… [PDF]

Cook-Gumperaz, Jenny; Gumperaz, John J.; Szymanski, Margaret H. (1999). Collaborative Practices in Bilingual Cooperative Learning Classrooms. In cooperative learning environments, small groups of students work together to accomplish specific pedagogical tasks, and teachers act as facilitators. One highly significant characteristic of cooperative learning that has received little consideration so far is the shift in the participation frame that takes place when students are left alone to work on classroom tasks rather than having the teacher direct the learning process. Students are free to take their own time to work out their learning strategies, and they rely on peer group processes both to establish collaboration and guide their own learning. It is in such exchanges that learning processes can be made into observable activities. Central to the case studies described in this report is the fact that everyday informal conversational exchanges play an essential role in group processes, where one speaker is given primary rights of speaking, but where participants must compete for the floor and cooperate in achieving shared… [PDF]

MacGregor-Mendoza, Patricia (1999). Spanish and Academic Achievement among Midwest Mexican Youth: The Myth of the Barrier. Latino Communities: Emerging Voices: Political, Social, Cultural, and Legal Issues. A Garland Series. This book explores the relationship between Spanish language usage, English language proficiency, and the long-term educational outcomes of Mexican American youths. Language use patterns and language attitudes were examined among 38 high school dropouts, 188 high school students, and 36 college students, all Mexican Americans in Chicago. Chapters review relevant research and literature, provide the problem statement and methodology, present comparative analyses of the data from each informant group, discuss relevant findings, and suggest areas for future research. Findings reveal that a high use of Spanish and favorable attitudes toward Spanish in no way hindered either English language proficiency or long-term academic achievement among Hispanic youth. Instead, these factors accompanied higher levels of achievement among the youth surveyed. Additionally, high levels of English language proficiency and positive attitudes toward English did not guarantee high levels of academic…

Cummins, Jim (1988). The Role and Use of Educational Theory in Formulating Language Policy. TESL Canada Journal, v5 n2 p11-19 Mar. Discusses the relationship between research, theory, and policy in language policy formulation in the context of a "conflict" paradigm. In bilingual programs in the United States and Canada, the sociological context of the debate plays a major role in determining the choice of issues to investigate. (CB)… [PDF]

Ayala, Carlos; Contreras, Frances; Schirling, Elsa (2000). Proposition 227: Tales from the Schoolhouse. Bilingual Research Journal, v24 n1-2 p127-40 Win-Spr. Interviews with parents, teachers, and administrators of a California Bay Area elementary school explored the impact of Proposition 227 on parent involvement, student achievement, classroom instruction, and student and teacher emotions. Data indicate that an overemphasis on language of instruction overshadowed other critical issues such as prepared teachers, access to grade-level content, and appropriate instructional materials. (Author/TD)…

Hones, Donald F. (1999). Making Peace: A Narrative Study of a Bilingual Liaison, a School and a Community. Teachers College Record, v101 n1 p106-34 Fall. Explores the role of bilingual liaisons in resolving conflicts and building bridges of understanding between schools and diverse communities, discussing the representation of individuals' voices and narrative forms that engage readers aesthetically and critically; addressing multiple conflicts affecting the lives of minority language students, their families, and schools; and noting the need to move to a paradigm of making peace. (SM)…

Massey, Romeo M.; And Others (1980). The Employability Skills Series: Field Trial Results of a Spanish Language Version for Hispanics. The previously validated Employability Skills Series was systematically translated into Spanish, and field tests were conducted, using criterion referenced measures, to establish if the materials were effective with Hispanic students. Data were collected on the achievement of 484 students on thirty-nine knowledge and twenty-five performance objectives of these competency-based materials written at approximetely a fifth-grade reading level and designed for use in a variety of instructional settings. Eighty percent of the students were at or above the criteria in sixty objectives. They showed significant improvement in their pretest-posttest gains in five of the six units. Further analysis of five factors (school level, English language ability, age, ethnic group, and reading level in Spanish) showed that (1) junior high students did not do as well as students in high schools, vocational-technical centers, community colleges, or adult centers; (2) bilingual students did better than…

Benally, Elaine Roanhorse; And Others (1980). American Indian Education Fact Sheets and Mini Review. Two fact sheets and a minireview are directed at improving American Indian education. The first fact sheet deals with curriculum development for Indian students by the classroom teacher. Curriculum, scope, and sequence are defined, and suggestions are made for using commercially prepared curriculum materials (which often ignore minority representation) as supplements to individually planned programs. A list of 14 centers and organizations that specialize in American Indian-oriented curriculum is included. The problems of stereotyping and depersonalization of Indians, prevalent in children's literature, are described in the mini review, and guidelines for selecting unbiased reading materials are discussed. Ten methods and strategies for effectively using the literature, a challenge to present young readers with truthful and meaningful materials, and a list of instructional materials and reading selections are given. In the second fact sheet, a brief history of American Indian… [PDF]

(2006). 2006 Innovators. T.H.E. Journal, v33 n17 p14-27 Dec. A history teacher uses a computer game to interest students in World War II. A former TV reporter creates a new journalism curriculum that turns high school kids into real on-air broadcasters. An administrator and a technology coordinator team up to bring their campuses in contact with others around the world. A project director devises a vocational IT training program for high schoolers. An ESL teacher boosts English literacy by getting free computers and DSL service into the homes of immigrant students. All these educators are difference makers, and in the past year they have demonstrated the power of educational technology to transform teaching and learning. For their achievements, they are among a select group, chosen by a panel from roughly 200 nominees, as \T.H.E. Journal's\ 2006 Innovators. This article relates the accomplishments of these select nominees: (1) David McDivitt, Oak Hill High School (Indiana); (2) Grace Poli, Jose Marti Middle School (New Jersey); (3) Patricia… [Direct]

Fernandez, Ricardo R.; And Others (1976). Report on State Services to the Hispanic Population of Wisconsin. The scope and quality of services provided to Hispanic persons in Wisconsin were investigated in 1976 by the Governor's Council for Spanish Speaking People and comparisons were made to findings of 1971 and 1974 reviews. Detailed questionnaires were developed for each state agency, and five hearings were held in different locations within the state. For each of the following agencies, information is provided on their functions, questionnaire responses, and council recommendations: Educational Communications Board; Higher Educational Aids Board; Department of Public Instruction; State Historical Society; University of Wisconsin System; Vocational, Technical, and Adult Education System; Department of Administration; Department of Agriculture; Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations; Department of Regulation and Licensing; State Manpower Council; Department of Health and Social Services; Department of Justice; Wisconsin Council on Criminal Justice; Department of Business… [PDF]

(1977). The Report of the Work Group on Multiculturalism. The report on the impact of multiculturalism on the education system in the Borough of York (Ontario) summarizes findings of a two year study and provides recommendations to enhance multiculturalism in education. The report is presented in six chapters. Chapter I explains the work group task and method of inquiry and identifies work group participants. Chapter II presents a Canadian perspective on multiculturalism, followed by a profile of cultures in the Borough of York in chapter III. Chapter IV discusses the work group's interpretation of multicultural education. Multicultural education is perceived to value the presence of many cultures, human rights, social justice, and alternative life choices for all people. Chapter V, the bulk of the report, examines and presents recommendations on six issues related to multiculturalism: (1) a nondiscriminatory school and community environment; (2) retention of culture and language; (3) curriculum for multiculturalism; (4) immigrant…

(1981). United States Federal Policies for Education for the Disadvantaged. Reviews of National Policies for Education. This report presents a review conducted by a multinational panel on educational policy in the United States. The report concentrates on compensatory programs in elementary and secondary education, with an emphasis on Title I programs. Topics covered include: (1) recent trends in American education; (2) the philosophy, operational design, and evaluation of Federal programs for the disadvantaged; (3) problems of program articulation; (4) the impact of compensatory education at the school level; (5) students' preparation for and transition to working life; and (6) the Federal role in educational funding. Also included is a record of a 1979 conference held to review the above mentioned issues. (APM)…

Olabode, Afolabi (1995). Categories in AFL2 and Implications for Pedagogy. An analysis of the trend in teaching African languages as a second or foreign language (AFL2) looks at patterns in the objectives of AFL2, teachers and learners, and instructional environments. Three basic program objectives in AFL2 are distinguished: language proficiency (basic conversation); language competence (close to native skills); and knowledge for linguistic analysis. Four types of language teacher-learner combinations are identified: native-speaking teachers qualified in language teaching who have a common language with the learners, adequate for teaching and learning; native-speaking qualified teachers with a common language not adequate for teaching and learning; unqualified, non-native-speaking teachers who have a common language with learners, adequate for teaching and learning; and unqualified, native-speaking teachers without training in the language or linguistics, and learners. Four locations of instruction are noted: in the learner's home country; and three areas… [PDF]

Olaziregi, I.; Sierra, J. (1989). EIFE 2: Influence of Factors on the Learning of Basque. Study of the Models A, B, and D in Fifth Year Basic General Education. Glotodidaktika-Lanak 33. This study on Basque language learning is part of a project investigating alternative curriculum designs to promote native language maintenance in the Basque Country of Spain. This study measured the level of Basque and Spanish of fifth-graders (n=586 divided among 167 classrooms) in three program models (Basque taught as a second language–Model A, Spanish-Basque bilingual–Model B, and instruction primarily in Basque–Model D) in 1987; studied factors influencing the learning of the languages; compared the new data with that of 1983-84; and examined the bilingual model in greater depth. (MSE)… [PDF]

Zephirin, Henriot; And Others (1983). George W. Wingate High School Bilingual Demonstration College Preparatory Program, 1981-1982. O.E.E. Evaluation Report. In its first year of operation, 1981-82, the Bilingual Demonstration College Preparatory Program in New York City served 81 students of Hispanic origin with limited English proficiency. The program stresses the acquisition of English skills as well as the development of the students' native language and is geared toward mainstreaming students as soon as possible. The program's four major goals are (1) an academically successful student body; (2) enhancement of the staff's professional growth and/or academic skills and a more adequate ethnic balance among the instructional staff; (3) an active parent and community group; and 4) the development of math, social studies, and science materials focusing on the development of basic skills. Attainment of these goals in 1981-82 was negatively affected by the fact that approval to hire staff was not received until two months after the school year had begun. Instructional achievement results were mixed. No formal inservice training for staff…

Hollomon, John W.; And Others (1975). Eliciting Covert Mental Operations, Concepts and Oral Language Skills in Young Bilingual Children. The purpose of this investigation was to design and test an information-eliciting question instrument in order to determine whether the structures in the verbal responses of young Mexican-American, bilingual children entering school would reveal the covert mental operations, concepts and oral language skills elicited. The basic objective was to make an in-depth study of such problems as the relationship between language and thought (how the bilingual child uses his thought as content for his language and how he uses his language to structure his thought), language interference (mixing and code-switching), and fluency. The study was therefore limited to 6 Ss (3 kindergartners and 3 first graders, including 3 boys and 3 girls, ages 6-7). The instrument consisted of 112 (56 parallel) questions in both English and Spanish. The results suggest that the instrument: (1) accounts for the language and thought components it elicited; (2) offers a different approach to the study of… [PDF]

Glad, Diana; And Others (1979). A Comparison of English Language Acquisition Patterns in English Monolingual and Bilingual Children. English monolingual and Spanish/English bilingual children in kindergarten and first grade in 11 states were administered two tests from the EL CIRCO (CIRCUS) battery. The purpose of the study was to determine comparative acquisition of English grammar for kindergarteners and first graders and for bilingual and English monolingual children. Data were sought to support or refute general hypotheses of language acquisition. Data indicate that: (1) comprehension precedes performance in the acquisition of verbal inflections for tense, and tenses are mastered in a specific order; (2) children distinguish between third person possessive adjectives of gender (his and her) before those of number (his and their); and (3) the active voice and the concept of agent are acquired before the passive voice and the concept of object (agent-object relationship in embedded sentences and passive voice were undifferentiated in bilingual children tested). Data do not support a similar order of acquisition…

Gething, Thomas W. (1973). Needed Materials for Instruction in Languages of Southeast Asia. This paper is a preliminary attempt to identify important gaps in instructional materials for Southeast Asian languages. The need for instructional materials is detailed for: Burmese, Cambodian, Indonesian/Malay, Lao, Tagalog, Thai, and Vietnamese. Attention is drawn particularly to the need for integrated audiovisual materials, materials on nonverbal communication, and standardized tests. Both national and transnational concerns are felt to justify continued attention to the languages of Southeast Asia. (Author/AM)… [PDF]

Lara-Braud, Jorge (1969). Browns in Anger: The Overlooked Minority. This speech advocates that Mexican-Americans must undergo a process of radicalization to attempt to transfer anger from deeds to words. This minority is losing faith in speech as a means of redress, but corrective measures should come through dialogue and not collision. Few Mixican Americans designated themselves \browns\ a year ago–but it is now necessary, given the growing black-white polarization. This affirms the Mexican-American self-identity. Browns constitute the second largest and most destitute minority, yet they retain faith in and patriotism toward America. Lack of collective bargaining and \green card\ practices maintain an oversupply of unskilled labor and depressed wages. Brown education is a disaster area. Justice is arbitrary, and police seem to be waging undeclared war in brown communities. Equal opportunity in employment is a hoax to a people denied the basic rights of collective bargaining, education, and justice. The author says the situation can lead to… [PDF]

Herrera, Gloria; Lizcano, Jeanette (1973). La Celebracion de Navaidad. Para la Secundaria. (The Celebration of Christmas, Secondary Level.). The celebration of Navidad (Christmas) by various cultures is the topic of this secondary level unit. Unit objectives are that the student will be able to differentiate between his culture's Christmas customs and those of the dominant culture, and be able to relate their origin. The customs of Mexico, Panama, and south Texas are discussed. Also included are: (1) "Las Pastorelas", a Christmas play about the shepherds; (2) the story "The Purchase"; (3) the poem, "La Navidad"; (4) the songs, "Las Posadas", "Los Santos Reyes", "Bulerias de Navidad", "A la Nanita Nana", "Fum, Fum, Fum!", "Natividad", "A la Rurru Nino", and "La Noche Buena"; and (5) recipes for tamales, the meat for tamales, and bunuelos. (NQ)…

Mackey, William Francis (1972). Language Status and Language Contact in Geolinguistic Perspective. This study presents the theories that contribute to what the author has called geolinguistics, a discipline that deals with the external fate of languages as they are distributed over the face of the globe. Such a study is relevant in terms of official language planning when legislators seek to impose a given language on people of varied backgrounds. Such language planning requires the study of the linguistic forces of a given situation, including such characteristics as language power, language attraction, and language pressure. The author defines, illustrates, and discusses these terms and indicates their application to his theory of geolinguistics. (VM)… [PDF]

Natalicio, Diana S.; Williams, Frederick (1972). Evaluating Carrascolendas: A Television Series for Mexican-American children. The development of "Carrascolendas," a television series devised for Mexican-American children, is summarized. Emphasis is placed upon strategies for evaluation. Evaluation evidence indicates that "Carrascolendas" may be an alternative or an addition to the Sesame Street approach to dealing with the education of the disadvantaged. (MS)… [PDF]

Kessler, Carolyn (1972). Syntactic Contrasts in Child Bilingualism. A Language-research experiment designed to examine the linguistic competence of bilingual Italian-American children demonstrates that structures shared by Italian and English are acquired in approximately the same order and at the same rate, and that the sequencing of specific structures reflects linguistic complexity. Structures appearing in both languages are believed to have a common underlying base and realized by the same set of transformational rules. The definite sequencing evident in child-language acquisition may have implications for second-language acquisition by adults; instructional materials and programs could be established with this in mind. (VM)… [PDF]