Bibliography: Peace Education (Part 84 of 226)

Nkake, Lucie-Mami Noor (1996). Education for International Understanding: An Idea Gaining Ground. This brochure is a partial follow-up to the 44th session of the International Conference on Education (ICE), \Appraisal and Perspectives of Education for International Understanding,\ held in 1994 in Geneva, Switzerland. While borrowing extensively from conference material (such as the speeches by heads of delegations, replies by member states to an International Bureau of Education (IBE) pre-conference survey, national reports, and round-table summaries), this brochure also includes personal ideas, experience, and opinions on important matters in today's countries: human rights, peace, and democracy. Despite the complexity of the challenges facing a rapidly changing world, the range of actions described in this work reflect a common will and offer further suggestions for a \new philosophy of education,\ that would incorporate some positive moral values common to all countries. With the dawning of the 21st century, bringing people closer together through what they have in common,… [PDF]

Agusiobo, Benedicta Chiwokwu (2018). Education of the Girl-Child in Nigeria for a Just, Peaceful, Harmonious Society and Sustainable Development. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, v5 n4 p768-786. International instruments, declarations and local laws set the pace for appropriate human development, peace and harmony. 10.5 million children in Nigeria are out of school; approximately 60 percent are girls (UNICEF, 2014). They are dropouts due to various factors: socio-cultural, economic, governance etc. vulnerable to forms of abuses, harms-female genital mutilation, insurgency effects and other negative influences which deny her rights and dignity are discussed. Assessments of education statistics at basic education level over (1990-2010) revealed imbalances in enrolments and gender disparity in favour of males and the education statistics from 2014 to 2016, revealed increases in enrolments and a gender parity index ranging from 0.80 to 1.0. Various government efforts and interventions by international development partners to bridge the gender gap and heal the harms are enumerated. Benefits of educating the girl child which are critical for the development of a just, peaceful,… [PDF]

Cochran, Judith A. (2005). Adult Education Providing Leadership Pathways to Peace through Adult Education in Palestine and Israel. Convergence, v38 n1 p91-104. This article determines the role played by adult education in peace efforts in Palestine and Israel. Specific institutions have been developed to target instruction in the democratic, non-violent means of problem-solving with peace as the objective. Textbooks have been cooperatively written with equal representation of all voices in languages that can be understood by the students. Specialty schools and courses have been provided to not only instruct in the basic knowledge of civic education, but also to demonstrate how to apply those values within a community, region or country. Future leaders of Palestine Territories and Israel have been removed from their environments and educated together in order to develop skills of peace preserving, honouring cultures, the need for limits, managing boundaries and immigration, and the importance of safety for all citizens. Adult education in Israel and Palestine has forged a new pathway by establishing processes for providing water and food to… [Direct]

Jedlicka, Scott R.; Licen, Simon (2022). Sustainable Development Principles in U.S. Sport Management Graduate Programs. Sport, Education and Society, v27 n1 p99-112. This study assesses the engagement of academic programs in sport management with global problems by using the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals as a proxy measure of these problems, and gauges the degree to which sport management programs are positioning themselves as providers of knowledge and expertise in the area of sustainable development. To this end, the authors examined the program descriptions, learning outcomes and curricula of 84 graduate programs in sport management or closely related fields at 65 R1 universities in the United States. Using inductive thematic analysis, they identified seven themes that are shared across multiple program curricula. The seven themes were labeled: sport sociology and sport ethics; globalization and economic growth; sport for development and peace; health; climate, environment and sustainability; gender; and inequality, discrimination and social justice. The overall results indicate that the discipline has coalesced around a key… [Direct]

Rowe, Don, Ed.; Watson, Anne, Ed. (2018). Faith and Experience in Education: Essays from Quaker Perspectives. Trentham Books This book emerges from a deep concern about the direction of educational policy in the last decade and its effects on children, teachers and school leaders. It addresses contemporary educational issues from the perspectives of justice, peace, equality and truth, and is informed by Quaker approaches to these values. It presents a coherent approach to education, including subject teaching, that resonates with the authors' deep integrity in practice and in making sense of education. Contents include: (1) Introduction to Quakers, Quaker involvement in education, and this book (Don Rowe and Anne Watson); (2) Whose values? Which values? (Don Rowe); (3) Relational and restorative practice in educational settings: A values-based, needs-led approach (Belinda Hopkins); (4) Building, maintaining and repairing a peaceful culture in school (Anna Gregory); (5) Learning for emancipation (Tim Small); (6) Equality, truth and love in subject teaching: Cognitive care in the case of mathematics (Anne… [Direct]

Versaldi, Giuseppe (2018). La P√©dagogie √âvang√©lique Comme Guide Pour la Pastorale Scolaire (Evangelical Pedagogy as a Guide to School Pastoral Care). International Studies in Catholic Education, v10 n2 p104-118. The conciliar declaration Gravissimum Educationis states that "All men of every race, condition and age, since they enjoy the dignity of a human being, have an inalienable right to an education that is in keeping with their ultimate goal, their ability, their sex, and the culture and tradition of their country, and also in harmony with their fraternal association with other peoples in the fostering of true unity and peace on earth" (GE 1). This principle corresponds to the Christian vision of a nature common to all people but respectful of the individual and cultural differences that characterize the reality and history of peoples. This respect concludes in a common goal which is that of "fraternal association with other peoples" to guarantee "true unity and peace on earth." The Church has always operated in the field of education with these principles in mind. It has often outpaced civil society and established a fruitful dialogue between faith and… [Direct]

Cristaldi, Melita; Pampanini, Giovanni (2016). Research and Activism about Girls' Education for Global Democracy: The Case of the Campaign "Etna, Volcano of Peace," Catania, Italy. Policy Futures in Education, v14 n5 p578-589 Jun. According to a progressive interpretation of human development, girls' education should form an integral part of a full democratic system. Nevertheless, girls' education is threatened and attacked in many ways in current societies, be they authoritarian or democratic societies, developing or developed ones. In this article the two authors, both educators and researchers in education in Catania, Sicily, introduce their educational activities regarding the defence and promotion of girls' education for development and social change. Three activities are at the core of their current, local and global commitment to the issue: continual seminars on Intercultural Geo-History (with a special focus on the ongoing wars), operating simultaneous Skype connections (the so-called "Orbital Classroom"); the Intercultural Prayer Against War; and the campaign "Etna, Volcano of Peace." The article provides some details and describes partial successes of these educational activities… [Direct]

Fox, Helen; And Others (1991). Nonformal Education Training Module. This Peace Corps Nonformal Education (NFE) training module provides training ideas for volunteers. This module contains 10 sessions, each designed to fit into a 3-hour period: (1) What is NFE? (2) adult learning; (3) helping people identify their needs; (4) facilitation skills–part 1; (5) facilitation skills–part 2; (6) NFE materials development; (7) games in NFE; (8) planning; (9) evaluation; and (10) looking back/looking ahead. Each session contains the following sections: rationale; objectives of session; materials needed; trainer preparation/options; Peace Corps NFE manual reference; and activities–activity time, purpose, step-by-step, options, notes, "for next time," time savers, related references, and handouts. An introduction includes information on involving host country citizens in the workshop and facilitation hints, such as the following: encourage controversy, be aware of cultural sensitivity, encourage participants to take the training seriously, integrate… [PDF]

Skinstad van der Kooij, Kristin; Thomas, Paul (2018). The History Syllabus in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cogent Education, v5 n1 Article 1541495. This case study examined the questions: How are relations between Hutus and Tutsis portrayed in recent History syllabi in post-genocide Rwanda, and how may the narrative about these relations affect efforts towards educating for peace? The findings were based on a content analysis of four History syllabi for Ordinary and Advanced Levels published by the Rwanda Education Board between 2008 and 2015. These findings indicate that the syllabi promulgate an ethno-nationalist narrative of Rwanda's past. In this paper, we highlight stark contradictions in the syllabi between the goals of reconciliation, unity and critical thinking and the official narrative of blame for the genocide. Although the steadying hand of the ruling party has been credited with much of the success achieved in contemporary Rwanda, this study raises concern about the government's omnipresent role in shaping educational discourse. The final discussion presents the possibility for teachers to contribute to change by… [Direct]

Gul, Gulnihal (2018). A Qualitative Study on the Contribution of the Choir to Social-Cultural and Psychological Achievements of Amateur Chorists. International Education Studies, v11 n8 p119-126. A choir as a psychosocial and sociocultural phenomenon; makes important contributions to both music and to the general education of society through its educational and socialising features. With this research, it was aimed to determine the level of contribution of choir singing to social, cultural and psychological achievements of amateur chorists. As a result of the research, it has been found that choir singing contributes to the gaining of the habit of working together, to gaining in areas such as prestige and forming friendships, to develop ones worldview, to learn the cultural values of different countries, and to interiorize the cultural values of their own countries. In addition to this, it has been determined that the chorists participating in the choir work gain in achievements such as relaxation, happiness, peace, belonging, enthusiasm and, controlling ego, and it has also been found that choir affects the feelings of self-confidence and self-efficiency positively…. [PDF]

(1975). World Plan of Action: Decade for Women. The World Plan of Action adopted by the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City in July 1975 is presented in condensed form. The major purpose is to provide guidelines for national action over the ten-year period 1975-1985 as part of a sustained, long-term effort to achieve the objectives of International Women's Year. The report is addressed primarily to governments and to public and private institutions, women's and youth organizations, employers, trade unions, mass communications media, nongovernmental organizations, political parties, and other groups. The report calls for a clear commitment at all levels of government to take the action necessary to implement the plan and for governmental review of legislation affecting the status of women in the light of human rights principles and internationally accepted standards. The guidelines treat the following topics: peace, political action, education; employment, health, the family,…

Bowen, Elizabeth A.; Redmond, Helen (2016). Teaching Note–No Peace without Justice: Addressing the United States' War on Drugs in Social Work Education. Journal of Social Work Education, v52 n4 p503-508. The United States' War on Drugs encompasses a body of legislation characterized by punitive approaches to drug control. These policies have resulted in escalating incarceration rates and have extracted a particularly harsh toll on low-income people of color. This article argues that education on the War on Drugs is essential for effective practice with people affected by addictions and is also an important social justice issue. It is thus the responsibility of educators to incorporate a critical examination of drug policy into course work. Strategies for addressing drug policy in social work education are provided, including the use of guest speakers and multimedia presentations, case study assignments that prompt students to examine the intersection of policy and practice, and international drug policy comparisons…. [Direct]

Lenehan, Katia (2020). Zhuangzi's Discourse on 'Contented Acceptance of Fate' and Its Relation to Catastrophe. Educational Philosophy and Theory, v52 n13 p1388-1399. Based on the analysis of "Zhuangzi" (especially the inner chapters), this paper attempts to illustrate the positive aspects of Zhuangzi's idea concerning contented acceptance of fate ("anming" ??), which is completely different from a fatalistic viewpoint. Through probing into the meaning of some important ideas and their interrelationships, such as the Dao, virtue, nature, and fate, this paper indicates the essentials of "anming": first, the prerequisite that makes "anming" toward life possible is what Zhuangzi calls 'clarity ("ming" ?)'. Second, the passive aspect that "anming" expresses is 'bearing/suffering', referring to a facticity that one must accept according to internal and external limits. Third, the positive aspect of "anming", referring to the concept of enabling man with his own limits to be at peace with worldly things, is what Zhuangzi calls 'following along ("Shun" ?)'. "Anming"… [Direct]

Taber, Nancy (2015). Pedagogical Discourses of Gender, Peace, and Equality: Jane Addams Children's Book Awards. Journal of Peace Education, v12 n1 p1-14. This article discusses a feminist critical discourse analysis research project of award-winning books of the Jane Addams Peace Association. Children's books carry societal messages that are gendered, raced, and classed, with award-winning books carrying an additional message of exceptionality as they are viewed as deserving of attention. Thus, the discourses they circulate are important points of analysis. This research, using data from the Jane Addams Children's Book Awards (focusing on books for older children – young adult literature), takes a feminist antimilitarist perspective to explore the sociocultural implications of children's literature for education and learning. I examine research with respect to award-winning literature, define my theoretical framework of feminist antimilitarism, explain my methodology of feminist discourse analysis, and detail my findings. I conclude that the awards as a whole function pedagogically to define conflict in ways that… [Direct]

(1970). Report on the Inquiry: Utilization of Scholarship in Teaching About War, Peace, and Social Change. Eighteen individuals representing eight social science disciplinary approaches, seven observers representing various educational positions, and eight staff members participated in an inquiry to discover how academic scholarship can be used to determine the understandings required in teaching about war and peace. Three substantive concepts — conflict, violence, and authority were discussed in an effort to determine what should be learned by students about each; the problem of interdisciplinary research on these and other topics was given theoretical consideration; and suggestions as to future work by individual and sponsoring organizations were explored. The inquiry provided an occasion for individuals with different academic viewpoints to discuss these inter-relationships and, offered an exchange between academics and educators. A brief critique of the inquiry program indicated it was overly ambitious, discussion was forced, the group too large, and that there was some… [PDF]

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Bibliography: Peace Education (Part 85 of 226)

Haigh, Martin (2016). Fostering Global Citizenship–Tree Planting as a Connective Practice. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, v40 n4 p509-530. Education for Global Citizenship is about living as though the future mattered. This evaluates learner reactions to a tree-planting exercise that invites reflection upon hopes for the world, personal responsibilities and acting locally while thinking globally. Participant hopes concerned: environmental sustainability, peace on earth, then the welfare of future generations and personal wellbeing. Global citizenship concerns included sustainability, social justice, interdependencies and personal responsibilities. Some participants envisaged exercise outcomes to be mainly practical, others personal, such as reflection on lifestyle choices. Off-campus sessions generated higher grades, more concern for giving back to/defining a role in nature and volunteering…. [Direct]

(1972). Pacifica Programs 1972. Pacifica Programs, v4 n1. Several hundred audio tapes and cassettes that are available from the Pacifica Tape Library, Berkeley, California, are listed in this 60-page catalog. The tapes are available to schools, colleges, libraries, and educational organizations; however they may not be used for broadcasting except by Pacifica Affiliates. Tapes are classified according to 31 subjects, including alternative education, the peace movement, technology and the human future, science and scientists, and repression and conspiracy. Each catalog entry includes a 50-100 word summary of the program contents, and shows the running time. All titles are available on cassettes or on 7-inch reels, and cost from $8.50 for 30 minutes to $16.00 for 150 minutes. (MG)…

Stephens, David, Ed. (2009). Higher Education and International Capacity Building: Twenty Five Years of Higher Education Links. Symposium Books For the past 25 years UK Higher Education institutions have forged research and teaching partnerships with their counterparts overseas. Many of these links were funded by the British Government and managed by the British Council's Higher Education Links Scheme. This book takes an informed and critical look at issues and trends in global higher education over the past twenty five years with an in-depth and often personal account of how these links were managed and led. Ten experts representing a variety of disciplines from areas such as conserving the natural environment, the promotion of human rights, and education and gender present an "insider's" view of their link, reflecting upon the successes and challenges in promoting research, developing institutional capacity at home and abroad, and the lessons they have learned. This book will be of particular interest to those working in higher education and international development generally; as well as students, researchers… [Direct]

(1994). Programming and Training for Peace Corps Education Projects. Supplement to Peace Corps Programming and Training System Manual. Information Collection & Exchange T0080. The Peace Corps Programming and Training System (PATS) manual is designed to help field staff members of the Peace Corps train volunteers. This supplement to the PATS manual was developed to provide complementary information about key aspects of Peace Corps programming and training for education. It is intended for individuals involved in Peace Corps programming and training, such as Peace Corps staff, contractors or consultants, and staff of host country agencies. The supplement uses examples drawn from a wide variety of countries to illustrate the programming and training development process. The first section of the supplement provides an overview of Peace Corps' past, current, and potential roles in education for development and addresses how the use of PATS can enhance that role. Following this introduction, four sections provide information on program assessment, project development, training, and evaluation. (KC)… [PDF]

(1973). Devising Strategies for the Effective Education of Adults in the Developing Countries. Proceedings of the World Confederation of Organizations of the Teaching Profession Seminar on Adult Education (8th, Nairobi, Kenya, August 6, 1973). Proceedings presented are from a specialized seminar on adult education held in conjunction with the 22nd Assembly of the World Confederation of Organizations of the Teaching Profession (WCOTP). Statements from three countries are presented relating the seminar theme, "Devising Strategies for the Effective Education of Adults in the Developing Countries," to their countries: from Kenya, Ambrose A. Adongo; from Ghana, T. A. Bediako; and from Nigeria, J. C. S. Kong-Doomahbey. A brief statement by Wade Wilson on the implications for adult education of the theme of the WCOTP, "Education for Peace," is presented, as are the report of the secretary of the Committee on Adult Education (Robert A. Luke) and the program of the meeting. (SC)…

Andrews, Fannie Fern, Comp. (1913). The Promotion of Peace. I. Suggestions for the Observance of Peace Day (May 18) in Schools; II. Agencies and Associations for Peace. Bulletin, 1913, No. 12. Whole Number 519. United States Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior Within the past few years the subjects of international peace and arbitration have come to have a place of importance in schools of all grades in the United States, and the interest in these subjects is increasing from year to year. As one means of fostering this interest many schools observe in a special way the 18th days of May, the anniversary of the assembly of the first Peace Conference at The Hague. On this day the schools give an hour or two to a program of addresses, readings, and recitations pertaining to the subject. Frequently addresses are made by prominent men and women of the community. Anything that gives effective help toward these programs is eagerly sought by teachers and school officers. A bulletin of the Bureau of Education entitled \Peace Day: Suggestions and Materials for its Observance in the Public Schools,\ issued last year, was called for to the extent of about 50,000 copies. There is now a demand for accurate and comprehensive information in regard to the… [PDF]

Carson Letot (2023). Perceptions of Relationships between Global Issues and School-Based Agricultural Education Instruction by Agricultural Education Pre-Service Student Teaching Candidates, In-Service Agricultural Educators, and Agricultural Teacher Educators. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University. Global learning began as an expanded approach to world studies and in recent decades has taken on the role of studying both global concepts and issues. The integration of global learning into comprehensive education will help prepare globally competent individuals to join the workforce. Recent studies have called for a targeted approach using specific subsets of global learning like Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). The United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a tool launched in 2015, has gained standing throughout higher education as a framework for addressing ESD and global competency. Studies have documented SDG value in organizing global learning instruction as well as the ability of the SDGs to assist in indicating progress towards addressing global issues. While SDGs are becoming a familiar resource at the post-secondary level, recent recommendations have suggested introduction of the SDGs earlier in secondary education to encourage the development of… [Direct]

Wenden, Anita L. (2014). Raising the Bar for Peace and Sustainability Educators: An Educational Response to the Implementation Gap. Journal of Peace Education, v11 n3 p334-351. Throughout history there has been no lack of evidence attesting to the inequitable distribution of wealth, power, and resources among individuals and groups, conditions which continue to characterize this second decade of the twenty-first millennium despite the many UN-based initiatives to deal with their consequences. Not included among the factors cited for explaining the persistence of these conditions is the ethical dimension, the absence of which leads to a gap between right thinking and responsible action. Recognizing the role of education to close this gap, this paper proposes that an ethical dimension be "explicitly" incorporated into those disciplines that educate for a sustainable peace. It will present a value-based ethical framework derived from the Earth Charter to guide such efforts…. [Direct]

Alfattal, Eyad (2016). A New Conceptual Model for Understanding International Students' College Needs. Journal of International Students, v6 n4 p920-932. This study concerns the theory and practice of international marketing in higher education with the purpose of exploring a conceptual model for understanding international students' needs in the context of a four-year college in the United States. A transcendental phenomenological design was employed to investigate the essence of international students' needs within their study experiences and explore a conceptual model that can explain these needs. Qualitative data were collected from 12 undergraduate and graduate international students through semi-structured interviews. Using thematic analysis, findings expand typical marketing mix frameworks and advance an eight-dimensional international student needs model: Program, Place, Price, Promotion, Process, People, Physical Facility, and Peace…. [PDF]

Khan, Zebun Nisa (2016). Role of Education in Building Social Cohesion. Online Submission, International Journal of Secondary Education v4 n2 p23-26. Social Cohesion is the expression of that tradition of tolerance in all religions and cultures that are the basis of peace and progress. It is foreign to know culture and native to all nations. Tolerance and mercy have always and in all cultures being ideals of Government rules and human behavior. Professional educator often comments on the poor quality of education, politician and bureaucrats try to paint it as unproductive and a liability to the society. Social cohesion educational challenges are vital, crucial and powerful. We have to respond to the challenges immediately and continuously, so as to achieve the goals of democratic state…. [PDF]

Fontana, Giuditta (2016). Religious Education after Conflicts: Promoting Social Cohesion or Entrenching Existing Cleavages?. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, v46 n5 p811-831. This article considers initiatives to reform religious education after violent identity-based conflicts in Lebanon, Northern Ireland and Macedonia. The Taif Agreement, the Belfast Agreement and the Ohrid Agreement mapped extensive education reforms and established consociational power-sharing in the three jurisdictions, altering state identity and inter-communal hierarchies. The existing literature generates two hypotheses on the political function of religious education after violent conflicts: (1) religious education tends to entrench existing ethnic, national and political cleavages or (2) religious education helps further mutual knowledge, integration and social cohesion after violent conflicts. This comparative research employs original interviews and documents to evaluate initiatives to reform religious education (as a curricular subject) in post-conflict Lebanon, Northern Ireland and Macedonia. It suggests that the first hypothesis reflects more accurately the political… [Direct]

Fujiwara, Satoko (2007). Problems of Teaching about Religion in Japan: Another Textbook Controversy against Peace?. British Journal of Religious Education, v29 n1 p45-61 Jan. Although inter-religious conflicts have not yet surfaced as major social problems in Japan, religious education for peace and tolerance is needed in the country as much as in other countries. This article aims to disclose that, in light of political contexts, supposedly neutral "teaching about religion" can be as problematic as history education is in Japan. The central problem lies in how to represent the nationalistic aspects of Shinto to the "non-religious" majority of Japanese. While each nation has its own variety of "civil religion", Shinto, being an ethnic religion, can be entangled with nationalism more than other kinds of religion. I will begin by explaining the prejudice of "non-religious" Japanese people against religion as a background to the discussion of religious education in Japan. I will then take an example from a recent children's book and critique the politics of teaching about religion, in particular, Shinto in contrast… [Direct]

DiSalvo, Daniel (2019). Teacher Strikes and Legacy Costs. Manhattan Institute for Policy Research After many years of labor peace, public school teachers have engaged in strikes and work stoppages in record numbers during the past two years. Chief among the demands of striking teachers was higher pay. Discontent was also expressed with working conditions, which teachers and their unions connected to flat or declining state spending on education. This report argues that underfunded defined-benefit pension plans and other post-employment benefits (OPEB) are the hidden drivers of labor unrest in the public sector. As these legacy costs have risen, teacher salaries have flatlined or even declined in value. Policy recommendations include: (1) In the name of equity and affordability, states should move away from defined-benefit pensions and toward defined-contribution plans; (2) More of the money currently spent on education should show up in the paychecks of working teachers; (3) States should consider eliminating retiree health-care benefits for newly hired teachers–indeed, for most… [PDF]

(1986). Close of Service Workshop. Participant's Handbook. Training for Development. Peace Corps Information Collection & Exchange Training Manual No. T-08. This handbook is designed for the use and convenience of Peace Corps volunteers during the Close of Service (COS) workshop, the purpose of which is to assist them in making the transition from the host country back to the United States. It contains a variety of worksheets and articles that can assist them in examining their needs and expectations about leaving their host countries and returning home. The materials are divided into these sections: a time for reflection; values, skills, and goals; for those who are interested in a job search campaign; for those who are considering further education or training; for those who are considering other options; networking and interviewing; moving on; and development education and Peace Corps' third goal. A journal section concludes the handbook. It is included for volunteers' personal thoughts and notetaking. (YLB)… [PDF]

Rensing, Daune Marie (2023). Reflections of White Women Committed to Antiracism. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University. Learning about antiracism can be an emotional and isolating process for white people. With most research focusing on the experiences of undergraduates (Schooley, Lee, & Spanierman, 2019), the experiences of adults committed to this lifestyle are often ignored. This study uses narrative inquiry to examine the experiences of four white women in higher education as they commit to antiracism. Participants were vetted as committed to antiracism by Black-led antiracist educators. Participants reflected on their life experiences with race, racism, and antiracism, and participated in a focus group and individual interview. Each participant's story is shared as well as several identified themes. The theme of being a betweener helped participants navigate the emotional process of living in between different worlds; one where they are often disappointed by ignorant comments of white friends and one where they will really never understand the racist world of their Black friends. The range of… [Direct]

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